Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Shah et al. [29]

Cardiac surgery

92

20 (21.7)

66

98.8

35.9

58.7

13

N/A

1.26 and 0.99

Post-op AKI

Until discharge

AKIN

Pre-op

ILMA

Mossanen et al. [30]

Cardiac surgery

107

21 (19.6)

69

72

75.7

36.4

36.4

9

1.0 and 0.9

Post-op AKI

4 days post-op

KDIGO

Pre-op

ILMA

Kim et al. [31]

Sepsis

167

41 (24.6)

70

59.3

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

AKI

2 days post enrollment

KDIGO

Upon enrollment

ILMA

Ng et al. [32]

Acute heart failure

1572

236 (15)

76

63.1

71.0

32.4

34.5

44.2

1.61 and 1.39

AKI

5 days post admission

KDIGO

Admission

ILMA

Hollinger et al. [33]

Sepsis

582

360 (61.9)

66

62.4

50.5

27.5

13.1

N/A

1.35

Persistent AKI by day 7

7 days post admission

KDIGO

Admission

ILMA

Breidthardt et al. [16]

CKD with contrast medium exposure

111

7 (6.3)

77

62.2

84.7

43.2

100

33

1.60 and 1.50

Contrast-induced AKI

2 days post contrast medium exposure

SCr ≥ 25% or 0.5 mg/dL ↑ from baseline within the first 48 h after contrast medium exposure

Day 0

ILMA

Rosenqvist et al. [15]

Sepsis

588

94 (16)

73

51.0

N/A

19.4

7.7

18.9

1.75 and 0.90

AKI

7 days post presentation

AKIN stage 3 or SCr ≥ 50% ↑ from baseline with an initial SCr > 2 mg/dL within 7 days

Emergency department presentation

ILMA

Molvin et al. [34]

Acute heart failure

530

67 (12.6)

76

60.2

96.8

36.6

12.6

53.8

1.37

AKI

2 days post admission

SCr ≥ 50% or 0.3 mg/dL ↑ from baseline within 48 h after admission

Admission

ILMA

Liu et al. [35]

Sepsis

42

16 (38.1)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

AKI

N/A

KDIGO

Within 48 h after the diagnosis of sepsis

N/A

Lima et al. [36]

Liver transplant

57

36 (63.2)

58

61.4

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.00 and 0.82

Post-op AKI stage 2–3

7 days post-op

KDIGO

Pre-op

ILMA

Zhao et al. [37]

Acute heart failure

121

31 (25.6)

66

59.5

64.5

26.4

13.2

N/A

1.95 and 0.88

AKI

Until discharge

KDIGO

Admission

ELISA