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Table 1 Characteristics, outcomes, and therapeutics for COVID-19 + inpatient encounters with confirmed, suspected, and no bacterial co-infections in the UAB and OLHS cohorts

From: COVID-19 bacteremic co-infection is a major risk factor for mortality, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation

COVID-19 + 

Co-infection statusa

UAB cohort (2020–2022)

OLHS cohort (2020–2022)

Confirmed

Blood culture(+),

N = 110

Suspected

Blood culture(−),

N = 1286

None

No blood culture,

N = 2679

Confirmed

Blood culture( +),

N = 240

Suspected

Blood culture(-),

N = 5065

None

No blood culture,

N = 4401

Age, median (IQR)

65 (51–75)

61 (49–72)

59 (44–70)

66 (53–77)

65 (53–75)

60 (43–72)

Sex, n (%)

      

Female

49 (45)

604 (47)

1417 (53)

124 (52)

2414 (48)

2355 (54)

Male

61 (55)

682 (53)

1262 (47)

116 (48)

2651 (52)

2046 (46)

Race, n (%)

      

White or Caucasian

51 (46)

572 (44)

1304 (49)

136 (57)

2669 (53)

2485 (56)

Black or African American

51 (46)

593 (46)

1131 (42)

96 (40)

2125 (42)

1694 (38)

Asian

5 (4.5)

43 (3.3)

68 (2.5)

1 (0.4)

51 (1.0)

29 (0.7)

Hispanic or Latino

2 (1.8)

40 (3.1)

103 (3.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

American Indian or Alaska Native

0 (0)

2 (0.2)

6 (0.2)

2 (0.8)

26 (0.5)

24 (0.5)

Pacific Islander or Hawaiian Native

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (< 0.1)

0 (0)

1 (< 0.1)

1 (< 0.1)

Multiple/other

0 (0)

2 (0.2)

3 (0.1)

2 (0.8)

87 (1.7)

108 (2.5)

Decline/refuse

1 (0.9)

34 (2.6)

63 (2.4)

0 (0)

11 (0.2)

5 (0.1)

Race unknown

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (1.3)

95 (1.9)

55 (1.2)

Charlson Comorbidity Score, median (IQR)

3 (1–6)

2 (1–4)

1 (0–4)

2 (1–4)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–3)

Unknown

17

385

744

14

494

459

Inpatient outcomes

      

Inpatient length of stay (days), Median (IQR)

10 (5–20)

9 (5–17)

5 (3–8)

6 (4–11)

6 (3–10)

4 (2–7)

SIRS Score (within 24-h; max = 4), Median (IQR)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–2)

1 (0–2)

3 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

2 (1–2)

Unknown

4

41

56

17

118

299

In-Hospital Mortality Status, n (%)

      

In-hospital deceased

29 (26)

302 (23)

157 (5.9)

52 (22)

632 (12)

223 (5.1)

Discharged living

81 (74)

984 (77)

2522 (94)

188 (78)

4433 (88)

4178 (95)

Mortality status (30 days), n (%)

      

Deceased (30 days)

28 (25)

265 (21)

140 (5.2)

49 (20)

581 (11)

214 (4.9)

Living (30 days)

82 (75)

1021 (79)

2539 (95)

191 (80)

4484 (89)

4187 (95)

ICU status (anytime), n (%)

      

ICU admission

61 (55)

697 (54)

509 (19)

130 (54)

2126 (42)

1214 (28)

No ICU admission

49 (45)

589 (46)

2170 (81)

110 (46)

2939 (58)

3187 (72)

Mechanical ventilation (anytime), n (%)

      

Required ventilation

32 (29)

447 (35)

234 (8.7)

55 (23)

822 (16)

308 (7.0)

No ventilation

78 (71)

839 (65)

2445 (91)

185 (77)

4243 (84)

4093 (93)

Inpatient therapeutics

      

Antimicrobialsb (within 48-h), n (%)

      

Received antimicrobial

104 (95)

1250 (97)

722 (27)

214 (89)

5013 (99)

1501 (34)

No antimicrobial

6 (5.5)

36 (2.8)

1957 (73)

26 (11)

52 (1.0)

2900 (66)

Dexamethasone (within 48-h), n (%)

      

Received dexamethasone

48 (44)

771 (60)

1311 (49)

90 (38)

2434 (48)

1690 (38)

No dexamethasone

62 (56)

515 (40)

1368 (51)

150 (62)

2631 (52)

2711 (62)

Pre-admission comorbidities

      

Diabetic, n (%)

52 (56)

406 (45)

732 (38)

109 (48)

1716 (38)

1212 (31)

Heart failure or MI, n (%)

39 (42)

291 (32)

491 (25)

67 (30)

1069 (23)

874 (22)

Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)

24 (26)

266 (30)

516 (27)

67 (30)

1145 (25)

889 (23)

Renal disease, n (%)

40 (43)

302 (34)

432 (22)

80 (35)

1157 (25)

779 (20)

Liver disease, n (%)

16 (17)

131 (15)

244 (13)

18 (8.0)

388 (8.5)

310 (7.9)

Vascular disease, n (%)

32 (34)

239 (27)

419 (22)

70 (31)

1284 (28)

952 (24)

Cancer (any malignancy), n (%)

22 (24)

167 (19)

253 (13)

26 (12)

545 (12)

323 (8.2)

Peptic ulcer disease, n (%)

8 (8.6)

45 (5.0)

104 (5.4)

9 (4.0)

121 (2.6)

106 (2.7)

Hemiplegia or paraplegia, n (%)

9 (9.7)

44 (4.9)

68 (3.5)

9 (4.0)

106 (2.3)

63 (1.6)

Rheumatoid disease, n (%)

8 (8.6)

57 (6.3)

95 (4.9)

7 (3.1)

172 (3.8)

121 (3.1)

Dementia, n (%)

13 (14)

70 (7.8)

93 (4.8)

21 (9.3)

250 (5.5)

129 (3.3)

AIDS/HIV, n (%)

3 (3.2)

18 (2.0)

31 (1.6)

5 (2.2)

47 (1.0)

25 (0.6)

  1. IQR, interquartile range; ICU, intensive care unit; UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System; OLHS, Ochsner Louisiana State University Health—Shreveport; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome score; MI, myocardial infarction
  2. Data represented as number (percentage; %) of patients unless otherwise indicated
  3. aCOVID-19 + encounters include (1) age range 18–90 years, (2) COVID-19 + test within 48-h of hospital admission, and (3) inpatient length of stay 1–120 days. See methods and Additional file 1: eFig. 1 for complete COVID-19 bacterial co-infection subgroup definition
  4. bSuspected co-infection patients in the who did not receive antimicrobials within 48-h (UAB n = 36; OLHS n = 52) were patients with blood cultures taken between 30 and 48-h post-admission. As a result, their 2 doses of antimicrobial therapy start time fell outside the first 48-h window. All 88 suspected infection patients received at least 2 doses of antimicrobials and were represented by the suspected infection scenario 1 described in eAppendix
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Critical Care

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