Enhanced protein-energy provision via the enteral route in critically ill patients: a single center feasibility trial of the PEP uP protocol

Table 3 Nutritional outcomes

	Before (n = 20)	After (n = 30)	P-value
Adequacy of calories from total nutrition †‡			0.23
Mean ± SD	71.7% ± 32.5%	80.3% ± 27.0%
Adequacy of protein from total nutrition †‡			0.13
Mean ± SD	61.2% ± 29.3%	73.6% ± 28.6%
Adequacy of calories from EN ‡			0.23
Mean ± SD	58.8% ± 31.4%	70.2% ± 26.3%
Adequacy of protein from EN ‡			0.08
Mean ± SD	61.2% ± 29.3%	76.1% ± 25.5%
Type of nutrition			0.16
EN only	18 (90.0%)	29 (96.7%)
PN only	0	1 (3.3%)
EN + PN	2 (10.0%)	0
Initiation of EN			0.96
Prior to ICU admission	1 (5.0%)	2 (7.1%)
0 to 24	15 (75.0%)	21 (75.0%)
>24 to 48	4 (20.0%)	3 (10.7%)
>48 to 72	0	1 (3.6%)
>72	0	1 (3.6%)
Time of initiation of EN (hours)			0.72
Mean ± SD	16.0 ± 13.8	17.7 ± 16.9
Use of motility agents (patient-day level)			0.70
n/N (%)	78/192 (40.6%)	104/243 (42.8%)
Use of motility agents (patient level)			0.11
n/N (%)	11/20 (55.0%)	24/30 (80%)
Started motility agents on the first ICU day¶			0.03
n/N (%)	0	7/30 (23.3%)
Use of supplemental protein			0.08
n/N (%)	7/20 (35.0%)	19/30 (63.3%)
Started supplemental protein on the first ICU day£			0.007
n/N (%)	0	9/30 (30.0%)
Morning blood glucose (mmol/l)			1.0
mean ± SD	8.0 ± 0.9	8.1 ± 1.0
%Patient-days with blood glucose>10 mmol/l			0.60
mean ± SD	16.4% ± 10.1%	16.2% ± 12.8%

† includes propofol, EN, and PN when there is a contraindication for EN
‡ includes the first seven ICU days only
¶ The average duration of use of motility agents is 5.9 days in the after group.
£ The average duration of use of supplemental protein is four days in the after group.
SD, standard deviation; EN, enteral nutrition; PN, parenteral nutrition; ICU, intensive care unit

ISSN: 1364-8535