Table 2 American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) classification of blood loss based on initial patient presentation
From: Management of bleeding following major trauma: an updated European guideline
| Â | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood loss* (ml) | Up to750 | 750-1500 | 1500-2000 | >2000 |
Blood loss (% blood volume) | Up to 15% | 15%-30% | 30%-40% | >40% |
Pulse rate | <100 | 100-120 | 120-140 | >140 |
Blood pressure | Normal | Normal | Decreased | Decreased |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | Normal or increased | Decreased | Decreased | Decreased |
Respiratory rate | 14-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | >35 |
Urine output (ml/h) | >30 | 20-30 | 5-15 | Negligible |
Central nervous system/mental status | Slightly anxious | Mildly anxious | Anxious, confused | Confused, lethargic |
Fluid replacement | Crystalloid | Crystalloid | Crystalloid and blood | Crystalloid and blood |