Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Table 3 Receptor biomarkers identified in the literature search (with some selected references)

Sepsis marker	Evaluated in experimental studies	Evaluated in clinical studies	Evaluated as a prognostic factor	Comment
CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 2 [95]	√
CCR 3 [96]		C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
C5L2 [97]	√	B	√	Predicted development of MOF
CRTh2 [98]		C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
Fas receptor (soluble) [99]		B(m)	√	Predicted development of MOF
Fc-gamma RIII [100]		A	√	Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls, correlated with APACHE II score
FLT-1 (soluble) [101, 102]	√	C	√	Correlated with APACHE II score
GP130 [103]		A		Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
IL-2 receptor (soluble) [104]		C	√	Predicted development of septic shock
Group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2-II) (soluble) [105, 106]	√	B		Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
RAGE (soluble) [107]		B	√*	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
ST2 (soluble, IL-1 receptor) [108]		A(s)	√	Increased in sepsis compared with healthy controls
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 [109]	√	B	√	Increased in septic compared with non-septic critically ill patients
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 [110]	√
TREM-1 (soluble) [111, 112]	√	C	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days
TNF-receptor (soluble) [113]		B		Predicted development of MOF
Urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) (soluble) [114]		C(m)	√	Distinguished between survivors and non-survivors at 28 days

*sensitivity and specificity of less than 90%; A, Clinical study with less than 20 patients; B, Clinical study with 20 to 50 patients; C, Clinical study with more than 50 patients; (s), surgical patients only; (m), medical patients only.
APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; MOF: multiple organ failure; TREM: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end-products.

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