Table 1 Major syndromes and causes of hyperthermia due to toxicity
From: Bench-to-bedside review: Mechanisms and management of hyperthermia due to toxicity
Major syndromes | Implicated drugs |
|---|---|
Adrenergic fever | Phenethylamines such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA; cocaine and MAO inhibitors |
Antidopaminergic fever (NMS) | Phenothiazines, butyrophenones; atypical neuroleptics such as olanzapine and clozapine; metoclopramide and promethazine; acute withdrawal of anti-Parkinsonian agents |
Anticholinergic fever | Antispasmodics, antihistamines, anti-ulcer and anti-Parkinsonian drugs, neuroleptics or ingredients of plants (for example, belladonna alkaloids) and mushrooms |
Serotonin syndrome | Drugs increasing serotonin-concentration in the CNS; combination of drugs (for example, MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants); other drugs, including dextrometorphan, meperidine, L-dopa, bromocriptine, tramadol, lithium and the MAO inhibitor linezolid |
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation | PCP and salicylates |
Malignant hyperthermia | Volatile anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants |
Drug induced fever | Anticonvulsants, minocycline, antimicrobial agents, allopurinol, and heparin; virtually any drug capable of causing fever via hypersensitivity mechanism |