From: Predictors of physical restraint use in Canadian intensive care units
Data point | Univariable | Multivariable |
---|---|---|
 | ORa(95% CI) | ORa(95% CI) |
Patient characteristics | Â | Â |
Age | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) |
Male sex | 0.98 (0.71-1.33) | 1.15 (0.78-1.69) |
Psychiatric conditionb | 1.02 (0.66-1.56) | 0.86 (0.48-1.55) |
Cognitive impairment (dementia) | 1.01 (0.36-2.81) | 1.42 (0.40-5.00) |
Prior psychotropic drug usec | 0.91 (0.67-1.24) | 0.98 (0.64-1.50) |
Smoking or alcohol consumption, habitual drug use | 0.99 (0.73-1.36) | 1.03 (0.70-1.53) |
Patient category | Â | Â |
  Surgical | 1 | 1 |
  Medical | 0.93 (0.66-1.32) | 0.96 (0.60-1.52) |
  Other | 0.75 (0.51-1.11) | 0.96 (0.58-1.59) |
APACHE II score | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) |
Treatment characteristics | Â | Â |
Medication use per mechanical ventilation days | Â | Â |
  Benzodiazepines (10 mg incrementsd) | 1.11 (1.06-1.16) | 1.05 (1.00-1.11) |
  Propofol (10 mg increments) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) |
  Opioids (10 mg incrementse) | 1.06 (1.04-1.09) | 1.04 (1.01-1.06) |
Daily sedation interruption | 1.36 (1.00-1.84) | 1.46 (0.93-2.30) |
Sedation administration | Â | Â |
  Intermittent use only | 1 | 1 |
  Continuous infusion only | 1.43 (0.93-2.21) | 1.39 (0.74-2.59) |
  Both | 4.14 (2.45-7.01) | 2.71 (1.35-5.43) |
Antipsychotic prescription | 4.07 (2.50-6.64) | 3.09 (1.74-5.48) |
Sedation-Agitation Scale scores | Â | Â |
  Agitation (SAS >4)f | 7.31 (3.27-16.36) | 3.73 (1.50-9.29) |
  Over-sedation (SAS <3)f | 2.74 (1.83-4.08) | 1.30 (0.77-2.20) |
Adverse eventg | 2.44 (1.12-5.34) | 1.29 (0.53-3.15) |
Hospital and ICU h characteristics | Â | Â |
University-affiliated hospital (vs. community) | 0.71 (0.51-0.99) | 0.32 (0.17-0.61) |
Closed ICUh model (vs. open model) | 1.39 (0.95-2.04) | 0.59 (0.34-1.04) |
Proportion of ventilator capable beds in the ICUh | Â | Â |
  <25% | 1 | 1 |
  25-50% | 0.55 (0.25-1.21) | 0.99 (0.34-2.85) |
  51-75% | 1.16 (0.52-2.56) | 2.97 (1.03-8.55) |
  76-90% | 1.86 (0.83-4.15) | 8.34 (2.58-26.99) |
  >90% | 0.63 (0.26-1.52) | 1.97 (0.52-7.44) |
Nurse to patient ratio ever <1:1 | 1.50 (1.05-2.15) | 0.81 (0.51-1.30) |
Province | Â | Â |
  Ontario | 1 | 1 |
  Newfoundland and Labrador | 1.98 (1.00-3.89) | 1.55 (0.64-3.77) |
  Nova Scotia | 0.49 (0.15-1.67) | 0.37 (0.09-1.54) |
  New Brunswick | / | / |
  Prince Edward Island | 2.96 (0.79-11.15) | 4.23 (0.79-22.64) |
  Quebec | 1.42 (0.93-2.18) | 1.80 (0.99-3.29) |
  Manitoba | 4.44 (1.47-13.42) | 7.78 (2.13-28.46) |
  Saskatchewan | 0.49 (0.22-1.13) | 0.46 (0.15-1.42) |
  Alberta | 0.87 (0.56-1.34) | 1.31 (0.67-2.57) |
  British Columbia | 1.38 (0.43-4.45) | 1.02 (0.24-4.32) |