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Table 1 Characteristics of patients without AKI, with transient AKI and with persistent AKIa

From: Diagnostic performance of fractional excretion of urea in the evaluation of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a multicenter cohort study

Demographics

No AKI (n= 67)

Transient AKI (n= 54)

Persistent AKI (n= 82)

P valueb

Patient characteristics

    

   Male gender

34 (50.7%)

32 (59.3%)

56 (68.3%)

0.15

   Age, years

50 (40 to 60)

71 (49 to 76)

66 (56 to 74)

< 0.0001

   Weight, kg

68 (57 to 85)

75 (64 to 85)

80 (68 to 89)

0.006

   Knaus score C or D [21]

21 (31.3%)

21 (38.9%)

40 (48.8%)

0.09

   LOD score at ICU admission [19]

4 (2 to 7)

6 (5 to 9)

8 (5 to 9)

< 0.0001

   SAPS II score at ICU admission [20]

35 (27 to 47)

50 (39 to 62)

52 (39 to 62)

< 0.0001

Risk factors for AKI

    

   Chronic heart failure

8 (11.9%)

14 (26.4%)

18 (22.0%)

0.15

   Chronic kidney diseasec

1 (1.5%)

3 (5.6%)

23 (28.0%)

< 0.0001

   Sepsis

43 (64.2%)

33 (61.1%)

61 (74.4%)

0.12

   Aminoglycosides

8 (11.9%)

9 (16.7%)

25 (30.5%)

0.2

   Ionidated contrast agents

6 (9.0%)

3 (5.6%)

9 (11.0%)

0.55

Organ failure at ICU admission

    

   Medical condition

62 (92.5%)

51 (94.4%)

72 (87.8%)

0.36

   Acute respiratory failure

54 (80.6%)

39 (72.2%)

61 (74.4%)

0.51

   Coma

22 (32.8%)

24 (44.4%)

29 (35.4%)

0.34

   Shock

22 (32.8%)

28 (51.9%)

43 (52.4%)

0.03

Treatments in the ICU

    

   Need for vasoactive drugs

20 (29.9%)

23 (42.6%)

43 (52.4%)

0.02

   Mechanical ventilation

43 (64.2%)

34 (63.0%)

52 (63.4%)

0.99

   Noninvasive mechanical ventilation

21 (31.3%)

14 (25.9%)

21 (25.6%)

0.73

   Renal replacement therapy

4 (6.0%)

0

41 (50.0%)

<0.0001

   Diuretics (at admission)

17 (25.4%)

18 (33.3%)

32 (39.0%)

0.21

Renal function at admission

    

   Diuresis, mL/kg/hourd

0.69 (0.59 to 0.99)

0.45 (0.32 to 1.11)

0.40 (0.21 to 0.72)

<0.0001

   Plasma urea, mmol/L

5.4 (3.4 to 7.9)

13.1 (6.8 to 17.3)

17.4 (10.9 to 25.1)

<0.0001

   Serum creatinine, μmol/L

68 (59 to 78)

124 (98 to 164)

220 (138 to 360)

<0.0001

Urinary indices

    

   Urine Na+/urine K+

1.8 (0.35 to 1.75)

1.0 (0.4 to 1.8)

1.3 (0.5 to 2.4)

0.01

   FeNa, %

0.5 (0.3 to 1.3)

0.5 (0.2 to 1.3)

0.8 (0.4 to 4.0)

0.004

   FeUrea, %

39 (28 to 40)

41 (29 to 54)

32 (22 to 51)

0.12

   U/P urea

30 (19 to 39)

16 (9 to 25)

7 (4 to 14)

<0.0001

   U/P creatinine

83 (52 to 127)

47 (25 to 76)

30 (11 to 58)

<0.0001

Outcomes

    

   ICU mortality

7 (11.7%)

13 (25%)

37 (48.1%)

0.0002

   Hospital mortality

14 (20.9%)

15 (27.8%)

42 (51.2%)

0.0003

  1. aAKI: acute kidney injury; LOD: Logistic Organ Dysfunction score, which can range from 0 to 22; SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score version II; FeNa, fractional excretion of sodium ([urine sodium/serum sodium]/[urine creatinine/serum creatinine]) ×100; FeUrea, fractional excretion of urea ([urine urea/serum urea]/[urine creatinine/serum creatinine]) ×100; U/P urea, urine urea/plasma urea; U/P creatinine, urine creatinine/serum creatinine. Data are medians (IQR) or number of patients (%). bP values represent comparisons across the three patient groups. cChronic renal failure was defined as creatinine clearance < 60 mL/minute before ICU admission. dDiuresis represents diuresis per kilogram and per hour during the first six hours following inclusion
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Critical Care

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