Continuous wireless postoperative monitoring using wearable devices: further device innovation is needed

© The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. To the editor, We read with great interest the recent article by Areia et al. which highlights the current lack of evidence surrounding the use of wearable monitoring systems to detect deterioration in hospitalised patients. We agree with the authors’ conclusion that the variety of designs, populations, outcomes, and devices “makes it difficult to reach a definitive conclusion”. We also agree that this is an emerging area needing further research. In this meta-analysis, three small randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. These RCTS utilised two different devices, the SensiumVitals (The Surgical Company, UK), and the Isansys Lifetouch (Isansys Lifecare, UK) devices. The limited precision of both devices has been noted previously [1, 2]. Other clinical validation studies of wearable monitoring devices have also demonstrated limited device precision in the postoperative setting [3]. Therefore, any assessment of the ability for devices to detect early deterioration is heavily confounded by inherent limitations of the devices. The possibility for wireless continuous monitoring cannot be realised until the devices used are sufficiently accurate and precise. Despite the breadth of devices in this field, most wireless continuous monitoring devices are still in their clinical validation phases [4]. The most immediate challenge in this field is the need for more accurate devices, which needs to be solved through further innovation. Large, well-powered RCTs should not be conducted until robust clinical validation studies have demonstrated adequate device accuracy and precision. Validation studies should also consider the use of continuous monitors as a reference standard rather than nurse-measured observations which are limited in both their frequency and potential accuracy. Wireless continuous vital signs monitoring likely has benefits that are yet to be apparent. Undetected hypotension, hypoxemia and respiratory depression in the postoperative patient is common and often prolonged; delayed detection of these physiological changes may be a significant contributor to ‘failure-to-rescue’ and postoperative death [5]. Systems that allow for better detection of patient deterioration have the potential to significantly improve patient care, and rigorous work should be done to explore avenues for improvement. Accurate artefact rejection, better signal processing, and novel sensor technology all may improve device accuracy and utility. The work of Areia et al. has highlighted the need for further innovations in this space. Device improvements and clinical validation work will shed light on the true value of continuous postoperative monitoring and, most importantly, help confirm if this technology can improve patient outcomes. Open Access


To the editor,
We read with great interest the recent article by Areia et al. which highlights the current lack of evidence surrounding the use of wearable monitoring systems to detect deterioration in hospitalised patients.
We agree with the authors' conclusion that the variety of designs, populations, outcomes, and devices "makes it difficult to reach a definitive conclusion". We also agree that this is an emerging area needing further research.
In this meta-analysis, three small randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. These RCTS utilised two different devices, the SensiumVitals (The Surgical Company, UK), and the Isansys Lifetouch (Isansys Lifecare, UK) devices. The limited precision of both devices has been noted previously [1,2]. Other clinical validation studies of wearable monitoring devices have also demonstrated limited device precision in the postoperative setting [3]. Therefore, any assessment of the ability for devices to detect early deterioration is heavily confounded by inherent limitations of the devices. The possibility for wireless continuous monitoring cannot be realised until the devices used are sufficiently accurate and precise.
Despite the breadth of devices in this field, most wireless continuous monitoring devices are still in their clinical validation phases [4]. The most immediate challenge in this field is the need for more accurate devices, which needs to be solved through further innovation. Large, well-powered RCTs should not be conducted until robust clinical validation studies have demonstrated adequate device accuracy and precision. Validation studies should also consider the use of continuous monitors as a reference standard rather than nurse-measured observations which are limited in both their frequency and potential accuracy.
Wireless continuous vital signs monitoring likely has benefits that are yet to be apparent. Undetected hypotension, hypoxemia and respiratory depression in the postoperative patient is common and often prolonged; delayed detection of these physiological changes may be a significant contributor to 'failure-to-rescue' and postoperative death [5]. Systems that allow for better detection of patient deterioration have the potential to significantly improve patient care, and rigorous work should be done to explore avenues for improvement. Accurate artefact rejection, better signal processing, and novel sensor technology all may improve device accuracy and utility.
The work of Areia et al. has highlighted the need for further innovations in this space. Device improvements and clinical validation work will shed light on the true value of continuous postoperative monitoring and, most importantly, help confirm if this technology can improve patient outcomes.

Open Access
This comment refers to the article available online at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s13054-021-03766-4. We agree most devices are still in their feasibility and clinical validation stage, with limited evidence on their clinical and cost effectiveness, highlighted in our review and previous research [4].
It is important to consider that the goal of this emerging technology should be to support, and not replace, clinical vital sign monitoring practice, offering another layer of protection between traditional continuous monitoring and manual intermittent observations. Furthermore, although accuracy and reliability of wearable devices are a barrier, most studies have been conducted in healthy volunteers and in comparison with clinical and/or gold standard for continuous measurement [4]; with even less evidence comparing these devices with the standard intermittent manual measurements, the common practice in general wards.
We agree with our colleagues these new monitoring systems should not be used as the "stand-alone" method of vital sign measurement, due to current accuracy and precision limitations. However, well-powered and welldesigned clinical trials, including careful implementation of these new systems, might still be of benefit to support the development and innovation of these technologies, by testing its impact in clinical care as complementary, and not a substitute, to standard practice [6].