Plasma levels of the active form of suPAR are associated with COVID-19 severity

© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. We read with great interest the recent study by Rovina et al., who found that the elevation of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) plasma levels in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and suggested the suPAR can be an early predictor of severe respiratory failure [1]. There are three different suPAR forms (suPAR DI-III, suPAR DI, and suPAR DII-III) in circulation, in which suPAR DI-III is defined as the active form of suPAR by its capability of binding to uPA [2]. In addition, the uPA/uPAR system as a therapeutic target has been proposed to reduce mortality of COVID-19 [3]; therefore, further evaluation of the active form of suPAR plasma levels in different symptom types of COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic carriers could still provide important indications for required early admission and treatment. In our study, we found that active suPAR levels in all COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than in healthy controls (5.51 ± 2.53 ng/mL vs 1.97 ± 0.78 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) using a ELISA assay modified from our previously reported method [4] where the active suPAR was captured by a uPAR ligand and measured using a polyclonal anti-uPAR antibody. Strikingly, the active suPAR levels in asymptomatic carriers (8.08 ± 4.81 ng/mL) are not only significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p < 0.0001) but also slightly higher than those in COVID-19 patients (p = 0.0278) (Table 1, Fig. 1a). Even though more data needs to be collected and the background of these patients are not clear, this is a significant research direction to pursue. If asymptomatic carriers could be identified and quarantined in an early stage, it will prevent them from increasing the disease transmission to an uncontrollable manner. Patients involved three types of symptoms: moderate, severe, and critical in our study (Table 1). Our data show that active suPAR levels increase as the disease worsens (Fig. 1b). Moreover, correlation analyses demonstrated that active suPAR levels are positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reaction protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil/ leukocyte ratio, and lymphocyte counts (Table 1). Therefore, taken together with the results from Rovina et al., these results demonstrated that the active suPAR as a COVID-19 prognostic biomarker may assist in the early triage of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons to prevent virus transmission. Further studies are needed to see whether the elevation of suPAR plasma levels in COVID-19 patients is due to the enhanced over-expression of uPAR or due to their increased shedding from the cell surface. Open Access

We read with great interest the recent study by Rovina et al., who found that the elevation of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) plasma levels in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and suggested the suPAR can be an early predictor of severe respiratory failure [1]. There are three different suPAR forms (suPAR DI-III, suPAR DI, and suPAR DII-III) in circulation, in which suPAR DI-III is defined as the active form of suPAR by its capability of binding to uPA [2]. In addition, the uPA/uPAR system as a therapeutic target has been proposed to reduce mortality of COVID-19 [3]; therefore, further evaluation of the active form of suPAR plasma levels in different symptom types of COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic carriers could still provide important indications for required early admission and treatment.
In our study, we found that active suPAR levels in all COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than in healthy controls (5.51 ± 2.53 ng/mL vs 1.97 ± 0.78 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) using a ELISA assay modified from our previously reported method [4] where the active suPAR was captured by a uPAR ligand and measured using a polyclonal anti-uPAR antibody. Strikingly, the active suPAR levels in asymptomatic carriers (8.08 ± 4.81 ng/mL) are not only significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p < 0.0001) but also slightly higher than those in COVID-19 patients (p = 0.0278) ( Table 1, Fig. 1a). Even though more data needs to be collected and the background of these patients are not clear, this is a significant research direction to pursue. If asymptomatic carriers could be identified and quarantined in an early stage, it will prevent them from increasing the disease transmission to an uncontrollable manner.
Patients involved three types of symptoms: moderate, severe, and critical in our study (Table 1). Our data show that active suPAR levels increase as the disease worsens ( Fig. 1b). Moreover, correlation analyses demonstrated that active suPAR levels are positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reaction protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil/ leukocyte ratio, and lymphocyte counts (Table 1).
Therefore, taken together with the results from Rovina et al., these results demonstrated that the active suPAR as a COVID-19 prognostic biomarker may assist in the early triage of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons to prevent virus transmission. Further studies are needed to see whether the elevation of suPAR plasma levels in COVID-19 patients is due to the enhanced over-expression of uPAR or due to their increased shedding from the cell surface.

Open Access
This comment refers to the article available online at https ://doi.org/10.1186/ s1305 4-020-02897 -4. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is an immune cell expressed GPI-linked receptor that may be cleaved from the cell surface generating soluble uPAR (suPAR). There are three forms of the suPAR molecule, the full length 3-domain protein (DIDIIDIII), and the cleaved forms (DIIDIII) and DI; only DIDIIDIII can bind uPA with high affinity generating soluble DIDIIDIII/uPA complexes [5]. Both the full length and DIIDIII molecules have been shown to carry independent prognostic value [6]. Huang et al. report that "active suPAR" increases with severity of COVID-19, " but surprisingly find that the level is even higher among some of the 9 included asymptomatic carriers. As part of our "International consortium on inflammation in COVID-19, " we have tested almost 1000 COVID-19 patients for suPAR. Among patients with no or mild symptoms of infection, we find average levels about 4 ng/ml, much lower than those that are hospitalized [7]. To further confirm this finding, we measured suPAR in the plasma of 11 patients with very mild symptoms. All were adults who provided written informed consent with molecular identification of SARS-CoV-2 by routine real-time PCR in the nasopharyngeal secretions sampled by a standard collection swab. Blood sampling was done within 15 min after swab collection; median suPAR was 2.0 ng/ml (range 1.70-5.21 ng/ml).
In the above studies of our group, but also in the vast majority of published studies so far, suPAR is measured by the suPARnostic ® assays. These assays are using two monoclonal antibodies (developed into lateral flow quick tests, enzyme immunoassays, and turbidimetric assays on Roche, Abbott, and Siemens platforms) and are the only CE/IVD approved suPAR assays for clinical decision making on the market.
Why this difference between the suPARnostic ® assays and the enzyme immunoassay is described by Huang et al.? Likely, because the suPARnostic ® assays are developed based on prognostic value using combinations of antibodies on plasma from patients with known disease progression to identify antibodies that bind the suPAR molecules with the highest clinical value. On the contrary, the assay described by Haung et al. may capture only a subgroup of the prognostic relevant suPAR molecules.
In conclusion, our data using the suPARnostic ® assays both in a large published cohort of patients [1,7] and in a recent cohort of mild cases from Greece support that patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 have lower levels of suPAR than severe cases.