Fitting a square peg into a round hole: are the current Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines feasible for Africa?

In their article, Baelani and colleagues surveyed anesthesia providers from African low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to evaluate whether or not the current Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines are feasible in such resource-constrained settings. The authors report that an alarmingly low percentage of hospitals have the capacity to implement the SSC guidelines in their entirety but a higher percentage are able to implement the majority of SSC guidelines and grade 1 recommendations. In reality, the probability of adherence to SSC guidelines for septic management is even lower than reported, given that the majority of sepsis management in African LMICs is likely performed by non-intensivists outside of intensive care units. Efforts to address the challenges of managing severely ill patients in LMICs have recently been taken on by the World Health Organization. After reviewing available evidence for sepsis management predominantly from high-income countries, a panel of experts developed a consensus-based strategy tailored for resource-limited settings. However, more research that can evaluate the challenges specific to sepsis management in LMICs and not currently addressed by the SSC guidelines is needed. Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines combined with innovative approaches to sepsis management in LMICs are required to make a meaningful impact on worldwide sepsis survival.

Sur viving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines are implemen table in African low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), where hospitals often lack the resources necessary for managing critically ill patients. When the SSC was introduced at the 2002 European Society of Intensive Care Medicine meeting in Barcelona, its main objective was to address the high worldwide mortality from sepsis by compiling a set of guidelines to standardize the management of this condition [2]. While adherence to SSC guidelines has since been associated with improved outcomes in high-income countries (HICs), where adequate resources are readily available [3], the authors highlight the fact that evaluation of the SSC guide lines' feasibility has never been conducted in LMICs, despite a high burden of infection and, consequently, sepsis [4]. Th erefore, the authors conducted a survey of anesthesia providers attending the 2009 All Africa Anesthesia Congress, which compared the availability of resources necessary for implementation of SSC guidelines between HICs and African LMICs. Th e authors describe 307 attendants' responses from 185 hospitals in 24 African countries -low-(LIC) or middle-(MIC) income countries -and 14 HICs.
Not surprisingly, the authors report a stark contrast in resources available for sepsis management between African countries and HICs and, to a lesser extent, between LICs and MICs within Africa. Th ese diff erences occur with respect to the drugs, equipment, and disposable material required to implement SSC guidelines and correspond with an alarmingly low percentage of African hospitals (1.4%) equipped to implement the entirety of SSC guidelines when compared with hospitals in HICs (81.0%). More promising, however, is that the African hospitals could implement 67% of SSC guidelines and 75% of grade 1 recommendations.
In reality, this gap in resources is likely to be much wider than described. Th e survey, which targets anesthesia providers predominantly from university teaching or private hospitals, is biased toward a subset of providers

Abstract
In their article, Baelani and colleagues surveyed anesthesia providers from African low-and middleincome countries (LMICs) to evaluate whether or not the current Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines are feasible in such resource-constrained settings. The authors report that an alarmingly low percentage of hospitals have the capacity to implement the SSC guidelines in their entirety but a higher percentage are able to implement the majority of SSC guidelines and grade 1 recommendations. In reality, the probability of adherence to SSC guidelines for septic management is even lower than reported, given that the majority of sepsis management in African LMICs is likely performed by non-intensivists outside of intensive care units. Eff orts to address the challenges of managing severely ill patients in LMICs have recently been taken on by the World Health Organization. After reviewing available evidence for sepsis management predominantly from high-income countries, a panel of experts developed a consensus-based strategy tailored for resourcelimited settings. However, more research that can evaluate the challenges specifi c to sepsis management in LMICs and not currently addressed by the SSC guidelines is needed. Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines combined with innovative approaches to sepsis management in LMICs are required to make a meaningful impact on worldwide sepsis survival. who are more likely to have the fundamental resources required for sepsis management in comparison with providers who do not work within an intensive care unit (ICU). For example, whereas Baelani and colleagues reported that 93.8% of African hospitals represented in their survey always had oxygen available, another recent survey on oxygen delivery of 231 health centers and hospitals from 12 African countries reported that only 44% of facilities had uninterrupted access to an oxygen source [5]. Also, non-intensivists are more likely to manage septic patients in public hospitals from African LMICs. In our experience enrolling over 800 patients with severe sepsis in a national and regional referral hospital in Uganda, no patients were ever admitted or transferred to an ICU, despite the presence of an eightbed ICU at the national referral hospital [6,7].
In early 2009, the World Health Organization convened a working group of external experts focused on tailoring sepsis management to address the challenges relevant to LMICs. Th e group has drawn on participant expertise in LMICs and available evidence from the HIC literature to create algorithms that focus primarily on hypotension (as an indicator of septic shock) and acute respiratory distress (as an indicator of acute lung injury). Although these algorithms represent the best eff ort to date, they lack data from research studies conducted in LMICs addressing the various issues specifi c to these settings. Nonetheless, the algorithms provide consensus-based recom men dations in the absence of this evidence, particularly for addressing fundamental management ques tions such as the extent of aggressive fl uid resus citation when there is no recourse to mechanical ventilation and the choice of appropriate anti-microbial sepsis therapy in light of the microbial ecology of African LMICs [8]. A version of these guidelines was adapted for management of severely ill patients during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and released for use to help countries prepare district hospital clinical teams [9]; the guidelines are supported by a training program that was fi eld-tested in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
An additional consideration in the development of any guidelines should be the severe shortage of health workers in African LMICs, a circumstance that, at present, makes it impossible to provide the level of monitoring required for septic patients [10]. Ultimately, to make a meaningful impact on sepsis outcomes in African LMICs, increased availability of material resources for sepsis management will need to occur alongside health-worker training that focuses on the early identifi cation, triage, monitoring, and treatment of severely ill, hospitalized patients.
Baelani and colleagues' appraisal of resources for sepsis management in LMICs provides a foundation on which future global eff orts to develop feasible and cost-eff ective strategies that improve sepsis management can be customized for LMICs. With the underpinnings of the SSC and similar guidelines from HICs, it is time to develop comprehensive, evidence-based, and innovative strategies to overcome the barriers to improving sepsis survival in LMICs.