Intramucosal-arterial PCO2 gap does reflect tissue dysoxia.

In their recent paper, Dubin and coworkers [1] subjected anaesthetized, paralyzed sheep to decreases in oxygen delivery either by progressive bleeding (ischaemic hypoxia [IH] group) or by decreasing oxygen saturation (hypoxic hypoxia [HH] group). They found substantial increases in mesenteric venous–arterial blood partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) gradient (ΔPCO2) in the IH group, whereas ΔPCO2 remained unchanged both in the HH and in a sham operated control group. The authors concluded that intestinal tonometry has limited value in detecting the presence of anaerobic metabolism in tissues. Dubin and colleagues should be congratulated on the soundness and quality of their experiments, but in our opinion the conclusion of the study may be at odds with the data presented. 
 
The fundamental premise of comparable anaerobic states for both groups is based on the presence of oxygen dependence. This premise, however, may not be correct because it appears from the data presented that animals in the HH group did not reach an anaerobic state, and thus were unable to mount increases in ΔPCO2. 
 
When calculating oxygen extraction ratios (O2ER) from Fig. 1 of the paper, we find that maximal values for systemic and gut O2ER for the HH group were 48% and 59%, respectively. These values are lower than those reported for critical ERO2 in dogs [2], supporting our contention that animals in the HH group might not have reached a critical oxygen supply condition. Of note, the maximal gut O2ER in the sham control group was 51% – a value not too dissimilar from that in the HH group. Conversely, maximal systemic and gut O2ER levels for the IH group were much higher, at 83% and 90%, respectively, suggesting that these animals experienced greater hypoxic stress. 
 
Another parameter that may be used to determine the onset of an anaerobic state is the presence of increased H+ concentration in tissues and blood. Although both groups became acidaemic as oxygen delivery was decreased, it appears that the mechanism responsible for the low pH in the HH group was a respiratory acidosis, not the production of excess H+ by anaerobic tissues. The instillation of hydrochloric acid into the lungs of the HH animals probably produced extensive parenchymal damage and impaired carbon dioxide excretion. This is the probable cause of the low pH and increased PCO2 noted in the HH group. 
 
Moreover, we note a decline in bicarbonate from 18.0 to 10.2 mmol/l in the IH group after 90 min of dysoxia. On the other hand, the bicarbonate concentration remained relatively constant at 16.5 and 15.3 mmol/l for the HH group and the control group, respectively. The decline in bicarbonate in the IH group reflects buffering of nonvolatile acids, probably lactic acid. These data again support the notion of a severe dysoxic insult in the IH group but not in the HH group. 
 
Finally, one can infer the degree of excess carbon dioxide production from the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption. In aerobic tissues, RER depends on the substrate consumed and its value is ≤ 1.0. During anaerobic metabolism, additional carbon dioxide generated by the buffering of excess H+ may result in RER in excess of 1.0. We calculated RER as (change in carbon dioxide content)/(O2ER × arterial oxygen content) and found that RER for the IH group was 1.1 at 30 min and continued to rise to 1.7 for the remainder of the experiment. This is convincing proof that these animals were anaerobic and produced excess carbon dioxide. Conversely, systemic RER for the HH group, as well as that for the sham operated group, remained below 1.0 throughout the experiment, suggesting that the tissues were not anaerobic. Although there is some noise in the data, the same findings hold true for regional RER. 
 
The above arguments support our hypothesis that ΔPCO2 in these experiments was compared at different degrees of dysoxia. It possible, however, that the conclusion reached by Dubin and coworkers may be correct, in that arteriovenous ΔPCO2 fails to increase during HH. This conclusion was also reached by Vallet and coworkers [3] when they measured arteriovenous ΔPCO2 in the dog hindlimb. 
 
The concentration of an effluent species in a compartment depends on the mass balance between the rates of production and elimination. As flow increases, the difference between affluent and effluent concentrations will decrease, although the total mass leaving the system remains constant. In other words, higher flows will result in lower arteriovenous ΔPCO2. 
 
A similar reasoning may not hold true for the arterio-tonometer ΔPCO2, because the latter is an integrative process that allows equilibration of the tonometer fluid with tissue PCO2. Tissue PCO2 depends on convective as well as on diffusive processes. Whereas the former is a function of total organ blood flow, the latter is a function of microcirculatory phenomena and the ability of carbon dioxide to diffuse across tissues – processes that are often disturbed in disease states. Therefore, it may be possible for arteriovenous ΔPCO2 to remain relatively constant during tissue HH but (as shown by Neviere and coworkers [4]) for tonometer ΔPCO2 to increase in response to excess tissue carbon dioxide production. 
 
Another important issue raised by this excellent paper concerns the physiological significance of oxygen dependence. In other words, is oxygen dependence an infallible marker of anaerobic metabolism? If the answer is 'no', as appears to be the case in these experiments, then why did oxygen consumption decline in the HH group, even though other markers of tissue oxygenation suggest that these animals were not in an anaerobic state? Are there compensatory mechanisms to lower tissue metabolic rate and to decrease oxygen consumption in response to hypoxaemia? 
 
These are complex questions that await further experimental studies similar to the excellent work of Dubin and colleagues [1].

In their recent paper, Dubin and coworkers [1] subjected anaesthetized, paralyzed sheep to decreases in oxygen delivery either by progressive bleeding (ischaemic hypoxia [IH] group) or by decreasing oxygen saturation (hypoxic hypoxia [HH] group). They found substantial increases in mesenteric venous-arterial blood partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO 2 ) gradient (∆PCO 2 ) in the IH group, whereas ∆PCO 2 remained unchanged both in the HH and in a sham operated control group. The authors concluded that intestinal tonometry has limited value in detecting the presence of anaerobic metabolism in tissues. Dubin and colleagues should be congratulated on the soundness and quality of their experiments, but in our opinion the conclusion of the study may be at odds with the data presented.
The fundamental premise of comparable anaerobic states for both groups is based on the presence of oxygen dependence. This premise, however, may not be correct because it appears from the data presented that animals in the HH group did not reach an anaerobic state, and thus were unable to mount increases in ∆PCO 2 .
When calculating oxygen extraction ratios (O 2 ER) from Fig. 1 of the paper, we find that maximal values for systemic and gut O 2 ER for the HH group were 48% and 59%, respectively. These values are lower than those reported for critical ERO 2 in dogs [2], supporting our contention that animals in the HH group might not have reached a critical oxygen supply condition. Of note, the maximal gut O 2 ER in the sham control group was 51% -a value not too dissimilar from that in the HH group. Conversely, maximal systemic and gut O 2 ER levels for the IH group were much higher, at 83% and 90%, respectively, suggesting that these animals experienced greater hypoxic stress.
Another parameter that may be used to determine the onset of an anaerobic state is the presence of increased H + concentration in tissues and blood. Although both groups became acidaemic as oxygen delivery was decreased, it appears that the mechanism responsible for the low pH in the HH group was a respiratory acidosis, not the production of excess H + by anaerobic tissues. The instillation of hydrochloric acid into the lungs of the HH animals probably produced extensive parenchymal damage and impaired carbon dioxide excretion. This is the probable cause of the low pH and increased PCO 2 noted in the HH group.
Moreover, we note a decline in bicarbonate from 18.0 to 10.2 mmol/l in the IH group after 90 min of dysoxia. On the other hand, the bicarbonate concentration remained relatively constant at 16.5 and 15.3 mmol/l for the HH group and the control group, respectively. The decline in bicarbonate in the IH group reflects buffering of nonvolatile acids, probably lactic acid. These data again support the notion of a severe dysoxic insult in the IH group but not in the HH group.
Finally, one can infer the degree of excess carbon dioxide production from the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption. In aerobic tissues, RER depends on the substrate consumed and its value is ≤ 1.0. During anaerobic metabolism, additional carbon dioxide generated by the buffering of excess H + may result in RER in excess of 1.0. We calculated RER as (change in carbon dioxide content)/(O 2 ER × arterial oxygen content) and found that RER for the IH group was 1.1 at 30 min and continued to rise to 1.7 for the remainder of the experiment. This is convincing proof that these animals were anaerobic and produced excess carbon dioxide. Conversely, systemic RER for the HH Letter

Intramucosal-arterial PCO 2 gap does reflect tissue dysoxia
Guillermo Gutierrez 1 and Hulya Turkan 2 group, as well as that for the sham operated group, remained below 1.0 throughout the experiment, suggesting that the tissues were not anaerobic. Although there is some noise in the data, the same findings hold true for regional RER.
The above arguments support our hypothesis that ∆PCO 2 in these experiments was compared at different degrees of dysoxia. It possible, however, that the conclusion reached by Dubin and coworkers may be correct, in that arteriovenous ∆PCO 2 fails to increase during HH. This conclusion was also reached by Vallet and coworkers [3] when they measured arteriovenous ∆PCO 2 in the dog hindlimb.
The concentration of an effluent species in a compartment depends on the mass balance between the rates of production and elimination. As flow increases, the difference between affluent and effluent concentrations will decrease, although the total mass leaving the system remains constant. In other words, higher flows will result in lower arteriovenous ∆PCO 2 .
A similar reasoning may not hold true for the arteriotonometer ∆PCO 2 , because the latter is an integrative process that allows equilibration of the tonometer fluid with tissue PCO 2 . Tissue PCO 2 depends on convective as well as on diffusive processes. Whereas the former is a function of total organ blood flow, the latter is a function of microcirculatory phenomena and the ability of carbon dioxide to diffuse across tissues -processes that are often disturbed in disease states. Therefore, it may be possible for arteriovenous ∆PCO 2 to remain relatively constant during tissue HH but (as shown by Neviere and coworkers [4]) for tonometer ∆PCO 2 to increase in response to excess tissue carbon dioxide production.
Another important issue raised by this excellent paper concerns the physiological significance of oxygen dependence. In other words, is oxygen dependence an infallible marker of anaerobic metabolism? If the answer is 'no', as appears to be the case in these experiments, then why did oxygen consumption decline in the HH group, even though other markers of tissue oxygenation suggest that these animals were not in an anaerobic state? Are there compensatory mechanisms to lower tissue metabolic rate and to decrease oxygen consumption in response to hypoxaemia?
These are complex questions that await further experimental studies similar to the excellent work of Dubin and colleagues [1].