Study No. | Author/year | Design, setting, and location | Subjects | Sample size | Invasive mechanical ventilation (n, %) | Age (mean, years) | Baseline lactate (mean, mmol/L) | Baseline ScvO2 (mean, %) | Fluid challenge | Definition of fluid responsiveness | CO measurement method | No. of fluid responder (n, %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Giraud/2011 | Prospective study; ICU; Switzerland | Hypotensive patients (MAP < 60 mm Hg) secondary to cardiogenic shock or postoperative cardiac surgery | 30 | 21 (70) | 71 | NR | 63 | Saline, 500 mL, within 10 min | Cardiac index increase ≥ 15% | Thermodilution using PAC | 14 (47) |
2 | Xu/2017 | Prospective study; ICU; China | Septic shock patients with invasive CO monitoring requiring fluid challenge | 40 | 37 (93) | 60 | 5.1 | 71 | Normal saline or 4% gelatin, 500 mL, within 15 min | Cardiac index increase ≥ 10% | Thermodilution using PAC or PICCO | 18 (45) |
3 | Giraud/2021 | Prospective study; ICU; Switzerland | Elective postoperative cardiac surgery patients who mechanically ventilated and needed volume expansion | 33 | 33 (100) | 63 | 1.5 | 65 | Saline, 500 mL, within 10 min | VTI increase ≥ 15% | Pulsed-wave Doppler using echocardiography | 15 (45) |
4 | Khalil/2021 | Prospective study; Emergency department; Tunisia | Hemodynamically unstable patients under invasive mechanical ventilation who required volume expansion | 88 | 88 (100) | 70 | 3.6 | 71 | Normal saline, 500 mL, within 10 min | CO increase ≥ 15% | Thermodilution method | 61 (69) |
5 | Nassar/2021 | Prospective study; ICU; France | Mechanically ventilated sepsis patients with tissue hypoperfusion requiring volume expansion | 49 | 49 (100) | 67 | 1.9 | 65 | Colloid solution (4% Human serum albumin), 500 mL, over 15 min | Cardiac index increase ≥ 10% | Thermodilution using PICCO | 25 (51) |