Fig. 1
A revised Dunning-Kruger effect may be applied to using ChatGPT and other Artificial Intelligence (AI) in scientific writing. Initially, excessive confidence and enthusiasm for the potential of this tool may lead to the belief that it is possible to produce papers and publish quickly and effortlessly. Over time, as the limits and risks of ChatGPT and other AI are learned, as well as the complexity of their functioning with the need for specific prompts, enthusiasm and confidence decrease. As this awareness increases, ChatGPT and other AIs can become effective and supportive tools in scientific writing, such as computers and internet search engines, finally achieving a conscious and correct usage