Table 1 Patient characteristics by epinephrine response
From: The physiologic response to epinephrine and pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes
Overall (n = 147) | Epinephrine Responders (n = 66) | Epinephrine Non-Responders (n = 81) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years) | 0.3 [0.0,1.7] | 0.5 [0.1,3.3] | 0.2 [0.0,0.5] | < .001 |
Age | < .001 | |||
< 1 month | 48 (32.7%) | 13 (19.7%) | 35 (43.2%) | |
1 month- < 1 year | 57 (38.8%) | 28 (42.4%) | 29 (35.8%) | |
1 year- < 12 years | 31 (21.1%) | 15 (22.7%) | 16 (19.8%) | |
> 12 years | 11 (7.5%) | 10 (15.2%) | 1 (1.2%) | |
Male | 71 (48.3%) | 31 (47.0%) | 40 (49.4%) | 0.868 |
Race | 0.840 | |||
White | 73 (49.7%) | 33 (50.0%) | 40 (49.4%) | |
Black or African American | 31 (21.1%) | 16 (24.2%) | 15 (18.5%) | |
Other | 10 (6.8%) | 5 (7.6%) | 5 (6.2%) | |
Unknown or not reported | 33 (22.4%) | 12 (18.2%) | 21 (25.9%) | |
Preexisting conditions | ||||
Respiratory insufficiency | 123 (83.7%) | 60 (90.9%) | 63 (77.8%) | 0.043 |
Hypotension | 113 (76.9%) | 52 (78.8%) | 61 (75.3%) | 0.696 |
Congenital heart disease | 105 (71.4%) | 41 (62.1%) | 64 (79.0%) | 0.028 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 24 (16.3%) | 14 (21.2%) | 10 (12.3%) | 0.180 |
Sepsis | 18 (12.2%) | 9 (13.6%) | 9 (11.1%) | 0.801 |
Renal insufficiency | 15 (10.2%) | 8 (12.1%) | 7 (8.6%) | 0.587 |
Congestive heart failure | 14 (9.5%) | 7 (10.6%) | 7 (8.6%) | 0.781 |
Pneumonia | 14 (9.5%) | 11 (16.7%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0.010 |
Malignancy | 7 (4.8%) | 5 (7.6%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.244 |
Trauma | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.449 |
Pre-event characteristics | ||||
Illness category | 0.005 | |||
Medical cardiac | 38 (25.9%) | 11 (16.7%) | 27 (33.3%) | |
Surgical cardiac | 69 (46.9%) | 29 (43.9%) | 40 (49.4%) | |
Non-cardiac | 40 (27.2%) | 26 (39.4%) | 14 (17.3%) | |
Baseline PCPC score* | 0.445 | |||
1—Normal | 103 (70.1%) | 44 (66.7%) | 59 (72.8%) | |
2—Mild disability | 28 (19.0%) | 15 (22.7%) | 13 (16.0%) | |
3—Moderate disability | 9 (6.1%) | 2 (3.0%) | 7 (8.6%) | |
4—Severe disability | 7 (4.8%) | 5 (7.6%) | 2 (2.5%) | |
Baseline FSS* | 6.0 [6.0,8.0] | 6.0 [6.0,8.0] | 6.0 [6.0,8.0] | 0.413 |
PRISM† | 7.0 [2.0,12.0] | 7.0 [2.0,11.0] | 7.0 [3.0,12.0] | 0.772 |
Vasoactive inotropic score‡ | 4.0 [0.0,10.0] | 3.0 [0.0,8.0] | 5.0 [0.0,10.0] | 0.300 |
Vasopressors used‡ | ||||
Dopamine | 30 (20.4%) | 10 (15.2%) | 20 (24.7%) | 0.217 |
Dobutamine | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
Nitroprusside | 3 (2.0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 1.000 |
Milrinone | 48 (32.7%) | 17 (25.8%) | 31 (38.3%) | 0.116 |
Epinephrine | 55 (37.4%) | 23 (34.8%) | 32 (39.5%) | 0.610 |
Norepinephrine | 6 (4.1%) | 4 (6.1%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.409 |
Vasopressin | 6 (4.1%) | 4 (6.1%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.409 |