Table 2 Physiological effects of flow settings during HFNC treatment for hypoxemic patients
Author/year | Study design | N | Patients | Position | Flow (L/min) | FiO2 or SpO2 | RR (breaths/min) | \(\Delta\) EELIglob (ml) | PF or SF | ROX | PEEP (cmH2O) | PTP (cmH2O s/min) | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mauri et al. 2017 [7] | Prospective | 17 | AHRF | Semi-recumbent position | 12 | SpO2 90–96% | 24 ± 8 | Baseline | 151 ± 60 | NA | NA | 254.3 (160.2, 359.5) | VT: 443 ± 302 MV:.1 ± 4.09 \(\Delta\) Pes: 9.4 (6.8,12.2) |
30 | 20 ± 7 | 74 ± 174 | 177 ± 74 | NA | NA | 173.5 (126.4, 256.4) | VT: 437 ± 314 MV: 7.0 ± 2.8 \(\Delta\) Pes: 7.9 (5.9,11.8) | ||||||
45 | 19 ± 7 | 115 ± 142 | 187 ± 67 | NA | NA | 168.9 (110.3, 217.2) | VT: 435 ± 307 MV: 7.0 ± 2.9 \(\Delta\) Pes: 8.1 (5.7, 9.5) | ||||||
60 | 18 ± 7 | 230 ± 237 | 205 ± 61 | NA | NA | 151.4 (111.8, 195.6) | VT: 429 ± 301 MV: 6.9 ± 2.1 \(\Delta\) Pes: 6.8 (5.1, 9.3) | ||||||
Pinkham et al. 2022 [14] | Prospective | 8 | Decannulated from tracheostomy tube | Not specified | 0 | SpO2 93–97%c | 18 ± 5 | NA | NA | NA | 0.1 (0, 1.3) | NA | I:E: 0.75 ± 0.14 VT: 410 ± 170 MV: 6.8 ± 2.8 |
15 | 16 ± 3 | NA | NA | NA | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | NA | I:E:0.7 ± 0.18 VT: 420 ± 170 MV: 6.2 ± 2.2 | ||||||
30 | 14 ± 4 | NA | NA | NA | 1.0 (0.3, 3.0) | NA | I:E:0.6 ± 0.15 VT: 460 ± 220 MV: 6.4 ± 3.5 | ||||||
45 | 14 ± 4 | NA | NA | NA | 1.7 (0.7, 7.1) | NA | I:E: 0.5 ± 0.17 VT: 450 ± 210 MV: 5.7 ± 1.7 | ||||||
Delorme et al. 2017 [24] | Randomized crossover study | 7 | AHRF | Not specified | 5 ± 4 (baseline) | SpO2 90–94% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 152 (113, 171) | WOB: 4.1 (3.0, 4.7) \(\Delta\) Pes: 8.6 (5.3, 9.9) |
20 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 127 (95, 139) | WOB: 3.2 (2.1, 5.6) \(\Delta\) Pes: 7.7 (4.9, 9.8) | ||||||
40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 87 (74, 145) | WOB: 3.1 (2.5, 4.2) \(\Delta\) Pes: 5.7 (4.0, 8.4) | ||||||
60 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 65 (34, 99) | WOB: 1.9 (1.0, 2.6) \(\Delta\) Pes: 2.1 (1.9, 4.5) | ||||||
Zhang et al. 2020 [9] | Prospective | 24 | AHRF or high risk for AHRF after extubation | Semi-recumbent position | 0 | FiO2 0.30 | 22 ± 6 | Baseline | NA | 22.4 ± 5.4 | NA | NA | NA |
20 | 20 ± 4 | 7.2 (− 5.1, 18.7)d | NA | 23.9 ± 5.2 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
40 | 20 ± 3 | 10.6 (− 3.4, 42)d | NA | 23.5 ± 4.4 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
60 | 21 ± 5 | 26.3 (10.7,60.8)d | NA | 22.2 ± 4.3 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Li et al. 2021 [6] | Prospective | 49 | AHRF | Not specified | Matching PTIF | FiO2 ≥ 0.40 and SpO2 of 90–97% | 23 ± 7 | NA | 161 ± 51 | 7.5 ± 3.2 | NA | NA | NA |
10 L/min above PTIF | 23 ± 7 | NA | 181 ± 61 | 8.5 ± 4.0 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
20 L/min above PTIF | 22 ± 6 | NA | 201 ± 67 | 9.8 ± 4.7 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
30 L/min above PTIF | 23 ± 6 | NA | 207 ± 70 | 10.0 ± 4.7 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Basile et al. 2020 [8] | Prospective | 12 | AHRF | Semi-recumbent position | 0.5 L/kg/min | SpO2 90–96% | 20 ± 6 | Baseline | 194 ± 96 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
1.0 L/kg/min | 17 ± 5 | 366.7 ± 1264c | 211 ± 106 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
1.5 L/kg/min | 18 ± 6 | 760.8 ± 1096c | 219 ± 118 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Butt et al. 2021 [44] | Retrospective | 19 | Post-extubation | Not specified | 20 | SpO2 92–97% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 6.9 (6.2, 7.7)ab |
30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 8.6 (8.0,9.0)ab | ||||||
40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 8.58 (8.0, 9.0)ab | ||||||
50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 6.8 (6.3, 7.2)ab | ||||||
60 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 3.0 (2.3, 3.7)ab | ||||||
Parke et al. 2013 [45] | Prospective | 15 | Cardiac surgery | Not specified | 30 | Not specified | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.01 ± 1.18 | NA | MAP: 1.5 ± 0.6 MPP:1.71 ± 0.73 MEP: 2.1 ± 0.83 MIP: 0.55 ± 0.38 |
40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.81 ± 1.45 | NA | MAP 2.2 ± 0.8 MPP:2.48 ± 0.94 MEP: 2.88 ± 1.04 MIP: 1.11 ± 0.51 | ||||||
50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.86 ± 1.79 | NA | MAP: 3.1 ± 1.2 MPP: 3.41 ± 1.24 MEP: 3.81 ± 1.33 MIP: 1.77 ± 0.69 | ||||||
Mauri et al. 2019 [10] | Retrospective | 57 | AHRF | Semi-recumbent position | 30 | SpO2 90–96% | NA | 437 ± 314 | NA | 10.2 (7.2, 13.3) | NA | NA | NA |
60 | NA | 429 ± 301 | NA | 11.1 (8.8, 13.9) | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Natalini et al. 2019 [46] | Prospective | 5 | Decannulated from tracheostomy tube | Not specified | 10 | SpO2 92–98% | NA | NA | NA | NA | Nasal 3.2 (2.3, 5.9)b Tracheal 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)b | NA | MEP nasal: 2.6 (1.6, 5.5)b MEP tracheal: 0.5 (0.3, 0.7)b |
30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Nasal 3.3 (2.8, 5.5)b Tracheal 1.3 (0.9,1.6)b | NA | MEP nasal: 2.6 (1.9, 4.2)b MEP tracheal: 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) b | ||||||
50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Nasal 5.1 (4.2, 7.7)b Tracheal 1.8 (1.4,2.2)b | NA | MEP nasal: 3.9 (3.1, 6)b MEP tracheal: 1.2 (1,1.5)b | ||||||
Mauri et al. 2018 [50] | Prospective | 40 | AHRF | Semi-recumbent position | 30 (Temp 31) | SpO2 92–98% | 22 (18, 29) | NA | 238 (192, 246) | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 3 (2, 5) |
30 (Temp 37) | 23 (19, 29) | NA | 240 (190, 248) | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 4 (2, 5) | ||||||
60 (Temp 31) | 22 (19, 25) | NA | 240 (196, 248) | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 3 (1, 5) | ||||||
30 (Temp 37) | 23 (19, 26) | NA | 240 (196, 248) | NA | NA | NA | Comfort: 3 (2,5) |