Gut microbiota composition during hospitalization is associated with 60-day mortality after severe COVID-19

Trøseid, Marius; Holter, Jan Cato; Holm, Kristian; Vestad, Beate; Sazonova, Taisiia; Granerud, Beathe K.; Dyrhol-Riise, Anne Ma; Holten, Aleksander R.; Tonby, Kristian; Kildal, Anders Benjamin; Heggelund, Lars; Tveita, Anders; Bøe, Simen; Müller, Karl Erik; Jenum, Synne; Hov, Johannes R.; Ueland, Thor

doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04356-2

Table 1 Baseline characteristics in hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to outcomes

From: Gut microbiota composition during hospitalization is associated with 60-day mortality after severe COVID-19

Parameter	Ward n = 95	ICU n = 28	p	Survivors n = 112	60-day mortality n = 11	p
Age, years	57 ± 15	62 ± 13	0.064	57 ± 14	67 ± 10	0.030
Male gender (%)	56 (59%)	19 (68%)	0.40	67 (59%)	9 (82%)	0.14
BMI, kg/m²	28.6 ± 4.6	29.6 ± 4.5	0.34	28.8 ± 4.7	28.9 ± 4.7	0.94
Dexamethasone	16 (17%)	18 (64%)	< 0.001	24 (21%)	10 (91%)	< 0.001
Antibiotics	25 (26%)	24 (86%)	< 0.001	39 (35%)	10 (91%)	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Chronic cardiac disease (%)	20 (21%)	9 (32%)	0.22	24 (21%)	5 (46%)	0.073
Hypertension (%)	41 (43%)	14 (50%)	0.51	50 (46%)	4 (36%)	0.56
Chronic pulmonary disease (%)	16 (17%)	9 (32%)	0.077	21 (19%)	4 (36%)	0.16
Obesity (%)	25 (26%)	8 (29%)	0.81	29 (26%)	4 (36%)	0.49
Diabetes (%)	27 (29%)	6 (21%)	0.43	31 (28%)	2 (18%)	0.48
Cancer (%)	2 (3%)	1 (4%)	0.66	3 (3%)	0 (0%)	0.58
Current smoker (%)	5 (5%)	2 (7%)	0.71	7 (6%)	0 (0%)	0.39
Oxygen therapy
Any oxygen therapy	52 (55%)	25 (89%)	0.001	68 (61%)	9 (82%)	0.17
Non-invasive ventilation	0 (0%)	7 (25%)	< 0.001	2 (2%)	5 (46%)	< 0.001
Invasive mechanical ventilation	0 (0%)	4 (14%)	< 0.001	3 (3%)	1 (9%)	0.25
P/F-ratio at admission, kPa	41.3 (34.3, 46.9)	21.7 (13.8, 38.2)	< 0.001	40.0 (31.0, 45.7)	14.0 (9.1, 42.7)	0.009
Laboratory analysis at admission:
Haemoglobin, g/dL	13.3 ± 1.4	12.5 ± 1.9	0.016	13.2 ± 1.5	12.2 ± 1.6	0.052
C-reactive protein, mg/L	41 (15, 78)	82 (50, 119)	0.001	47 (18, 87)	95 (50, 142)	0.021
Ferritin, µg/L	498 (247, 837)	1090 (543, 1593)	< 0.001	541 (258, 882)	1096 (455, 2638)	0.018
White blood cell count, × 10⁹/L	6.2 ± 2.8	7.9 ± 3.6	0.011	6.6 ± 3	6.5 ± 3.5	0.94
Neutrophil count, × 10⁹/L	4.4 ± 2.6	6.8 ± 3.2	< 0.001	4.9 ± 2.9	6 ± 3.3	0.24
Lymphocyte count, × 10⁹/L	1.3 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.4	0.001	1.2 ± 0.6	0.7 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Creatinine, µM	75 ± 24	90 ± 42	0.022	77 ± 27	100 ± 42	0.014

Continuous data are given as mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th) percentile. ICU Intensive care unit, high-dependency unit was also classified as ICU

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