Table 3 Covariates included in multiple regression analysis

Demographics

Patient age, gender, race, APACHE II score, code status

Chart extraction

Surrogate age, gender, race, education level, religion, relationship to patient

Enrollment questionnaire

Decision justification theory (types of regret)

Process

Patient has advanced directive; surrogate had prior SDM¹ experience

Enrollment questionnaire

Palliative care consultation; PARTNER 2² trial intervention

Chart extraction

Option

Limitation in life-sustaining treatments; change in code status; tracheostomy placement; PEG³ tube insertion

Chart extraction

Outcome

Patient discharged on mechanical ventilation; patient died in hospital; patient still alive at 6 months; patient functional status at 6 months (Katz ADL⁴ score)

6-month telephone interview