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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and risk factors in derivation and validation cohorts

From: Score-based prediction model for severe vitamin D deficiency in patients with critical illness: development and validation

Characteristics

Missing value, n

All patients (n = 662)

Derivation cohort (n = 510)

Validation cohort (n = 152)

P value

General characteristics

 Age (years)

0 (0%)

67 (56–78)

67 (56–78)

68 (56–78)

0.558a

 Men

0 (0%)

405 (61.2%)

319 (62.5%)

86 (56.6%)

0.218b

 BMI (kg/m2)

1 (0.2%)

24 (21–27)

24 (21–27)

24 (21–27)

0.808a

Comorbidities

 ESRD

0 (0%)

37 (5.6%)

27 (5.3%)

10 (6.6%)

0.686b

 Diabetes

0 (0%)

202 (30.5%)

154 (30.2%)

48 (31.6%)

0.822b

 Cerebrovascular disease

0 (0%)

90 (13.6%)

76 (14.9%)

14 (9.2%)

0.096b

 Liver disease

0 (0%)

35 (5.3%)

26 (5.1%)

9 (5.9%)

0.848b

 Metastasis

0 (0%)

48 (7.3%)

34 (6.7%)

11 (9.2%)

0.377b

Indication of ICU admission

 Sepsis

1 (0.2%)

117 (17.7%)

87 (17.1%)

30 (19.7%)

0.523b

 Postoperation

1 (0.2%)

330 (49.8%)

246 (48.2%)

84 (55.3%)

0.153b

 Respiratory

1 (0.2%)

54 (8.2%)

39 (7.6%)

15 (9.9%)

0.478b

 Cardiovascular

1 (0.2%)

33 (5.0%)

28 (5.5%)

5 (3.3%)

0.378b

 Neurological

1 (0.2%)

63 (9.5%)

58 (11.3%)

5 (3.3%)

0.005b

Enrollment season

    

 < 0.001b

 Spring (March to May)

0 (0%)

166 (25.1%)

146 (28.6%)

20 (13.2%)

 

 Summer (June to August)

0 (0%)

181 (27.3%)

136 (26.7%)

45 (29.6%)

 

 Fall (September to November)

0 (0%)

151 (22.8%)

104 (20.4%)

47 (30.9%)

 

 Winter (December to February)

0 (0%)

164 (24.8%)

124 (24.3%)

40 (26.3%)

 

Vital signs

 MAP (mmHg)

0 (0%)

88 (78–97)

88 (79–97)

87 (76–96)

0.305c

 Heart rate (/min)

0 (0%)

88 (76–100)

87 (76–100)

89 (77–101)

0.300a

Laboratory finding

 Lactate (mmol/L)

133 (20.1%)

1.9 (1.2–7.5)

1.9 (1.2–7.6)

1.8 (1.3–6.0)

0.603a

 Albumin (g/dL)

107 (16.2%)

3.1 (2.7–3.5)

3.1 (2.7–3.5)

3.0 (2.7–3.5)

0.242a

 WBC (k/μL)

0 (0%)

10.6 (8.1–14.3)

10.6 (8.1–14.1)

11.1 (8.2–14.7)

0.585a

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

0 (0%)

10.2 (9.1–11.5)

10.2 (9.1–11.6)

9.9 (8.9–11.2)

0.077a

 Platelet (k/μL)

0 (0%)

178 (122–252)

184 (126–257)

160 (120–227)

0.075a

 Sodium (mmol/L)

0 (0%)

138 (135–141)

138 (135–141)

137 (134–140)

0.081a

 Potassium (mmol/L)

0 (0%)

3.9 (3.5–4.2)

3.9 (3.5–4.2)

3.8 (3.4–4.1)

0.140a

 Total calcium (mmol/L)

94 (14.2%)

2.1 (2.0–2.2)

2.1 (2.0–2.2)

2.1 (2.0–2.2)

0.007a

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0 (0%)

1.0 (0.7–1.7)

1.0 (0.7–1.7)

0.9 (0.7–1.7)

0.874a

 CRP (mg/L)

276 (41.7%)

6.9 (2.4–16.8)

6.7 (2.1–15.9)

11.7 (3.8–19.4)

0.013a

 Vitamin D (ng/mL)

0 (0%)

18.3 (13.7–23.9)

18.7 (13.9–24.0)

17.5 (12.5–23.6)

0.232a

 SVDD

0 (0%)

116 (17.5%)

83 (16.3%)

33 (21.7%)

0.154b

  1. BMI body mass index, ESRD end stage renal disease, MAP mean arterial pressure, WBC white blood cell, CRP C-reactive protein, SVDD severe vitamin D deficiency
  2. Data are presented as number (%), or median (interquartile range). Statistical methods: aMann–Whitney test; bChi-squared test; cStudent’s t test
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