Author/References | Design/Country/Setting | No. of Population | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Tool | Score | Prevalence of ICU-AW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Van Aerde et al. [50] | RC Single centre Belgium ICU | 50 COVID-19 | Adult patients (> 18 years old) requiring mechanical ventilation | N/A | Clinical examination | MRC sum score | (36/50) 72% |
2. Ballve et al. [51] | PC Single centre Brasil | 111 | Adult patients (> 18 years old), mechanically ventilated for ≥ 24 h | Pre-existing neurological conditions (central or peripheral nervous system disease, stroke), orthopaedic or traumatic limitations | Clinical examination | MRC sum score | (66/111) 59% |
3. Nguyen et al. [52] | PC Single centre Vietnam | 133 |  > 15 years old, residents of ICU for at least 10 days | N/A | Clinical examination | MRC sum score and neuropathy limitation scale (ONLS) | (73/133) 55% |
4. Parry et al. [25] | PC Single centre Australia | 60 | Mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h | Pre-existing neurological conditions (central or peripheral nervous system disease, stroke) | Clinical examination | MRC sum score and a new 4-point scoring system as well as handgrip dynamometry Diagnosis: MRC-SS: < 48/60, MRC 4-point score: < 24/36 | (25/60) 42% |
5. Hough et al. [53] | PC Single centre USA | 30 |  > 3 days of mechanical ventilation | Pre-existing neurological conditions (central or peripheral nervous system disease, stroke), language barriers | Clinical examination | MRC sum score Diagnosis: MRC < 48/60 | (6/30) 20% |
6. Brunello et al. [54] | PC Single centre Switzerland | 39 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) diagnosis, Mechanical Ventilation for > 2 days | Pre-existing neurological conditions, paediatric patients | Clinical examination | Physical and Neurological examination: assessment of 10 muscle groups, skin sensorimotor response and tendon reflexes Diagnosis: Modified MRC Score of < 35/50 | (13/39) 33% |
7. Carstens et al. [55] | PC Single centre Germany | 56 | Patients on mechanical ventilation with a SAPS II score of ≥ 20 |  < 18 years old, patients diagnosed with other known myopathies or neuropathies, thrombocytopenia | Electrophysiological examination | Diagnosis: CMAP < 3 mV in at least one investigation before awakening | (34/56) 61% |
8. Sharshar et al. [57] | PC Multi-centre France | 115 | Mechanical ventilation for > 7 days | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions, or other myopathies | Clinical examination | MRC sum score Diagnosis: MRC < 48/60 | (75/115) 65% |
9. Nanas et al. [58] | PC Single centre Greece | 185 | Mechanical ventilation for at least 10 days | Muscle weakness before ICU admission, muscle relaxant administration, pre-existing neuromuscular conditions | Clinical examination | MRC sum score Diagnosis: MRC < 48/60 | (44/185) 23.8% |
10. Ali et al. [59] | PC Multi-centre USA | 136 | Age ≥ 18 years old, mechanical ventilation for ≥ 5 days | Mechanically ventilated before referral to ICU, limb amputation ≥ 2 parts, subject unable to communicate | Clinical examination | MRC-ss and handgrip dynamometry Diagnosis: MRC < 48/60 | (35/136) 25.5% |
11. Latronico et al. [60] | PC Multi-centre Italy | 92 |  > 15 years old, score 35–70 in SAPS II | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions, multiple organ failure, amputations, fractures, oedema in legs | Electrophysiological examination | CMAP or SNAP amplitude reduced by > 2 Standard Deviations (SD) of normal limits | (28/92) 30.4% |
12. Villar et al. [61] | PC Single centre Spain | 30 | Mechanical ventilation for >or = 48 h, IV corticosteroids (> or = 240 mg methylprednisolone) during admission, admitted as a result of COPD exacerbation |  > 80 years old, comorbidities of cardiogenic, renal or pulmonary origin | Electrophysiological examination | Electromyography after weaning from ventilation Muscle biopsy obtained if the patients diagnosed with myopathy from the electrophysiological examination | (9/30) 34.6% |
13.  Bednarik et al. [62] | PC Single centre Czech Republic | 51 | SOFA score grades 3 or 4 in two organ systems, admission in ICU within 24 h of critical illness | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions | Clinical examination and electrophysiological examination | Clinical examination: daily from the day of admission until day 28 Performance of electrophysiological analysis twice: the first week of admission and the fifth week Diagnosis: MRC grade ≤ 2 in examined muscles CIPM diagnosis if there are fibrillation potentials, reduced CMAP amplitude | Clinical examination: (17/51) 27.9% Electrophysiological examination: (35/51) 57.4% |
14. Montero et al. [64] | PC Single centre Spain | 26 | Patients diagnosed with septic shock, mechanically ventilated for at least one week | Between 18 and 80Â years old, pre-existing neuropathies or myopathies, infected with HIV, renal failure | Electrophysiological examination once the patient weans from mechanical ventilation | reduction in CMAP and SNAP amplitudes | (34/64) 53.1% |
15. Bercker et al. [65] | RC Single centre Germany | 45 | Patient diagnosed with ARDS | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions | Clinical examination and electrophysiological examination | Clinical assessment using MRC-SS Electrophysiological examination at early days of admission | (27/45) 60% |
16. Jonghe et al. [66] | PC Multi-centre France | 95 | Mechanical ventilation for ≥ 1 week | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions, language barrier | Clinical examination and electrophysiological examination | Clinical assessment using MRC-SS once patient awake Electrophysiological examination at day 10 Diagnosis: MRC-SS < 48, Reduced CMAP | (24/95) 25.3% |
17. Letter et al. [3] | PC Single centre Netherlands | 98 | Mechanical ventilation for at least 4 days | Pre-existing spinal cord injuries or pre-existing diagnosed myopathy | Clinical examination and electrophysiological examination | Clinical examination twice weekly during admission Electrophysiological nerve conduction studies on days 4, 11, 25 after initiation of mechanical ventilation Diagnosis: Motor sum score < 26 with absent tendon reflexes, CMAP < 2.6 mV (peroneal nerve) and CMAP < 4.2 mV (ulnar nerve) | (32/98) 33% |
18. Druschky et al. [67] | PC Single centre Germany | 28 | Mechanical ventilation for > or = 4 days | Pre-existing neuromuscular conditions or other known myopathies | Clinical examination and electrophysiological examination | Examinations on days 4,8 and 14 after initiation of mechanical ventilation Clinical examination: functional disability score (FDS) calculated Electrophysiological examination: electromyography Diagnosis: Reduced Compound Muscle and sensory nerve action potentials with fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves, low FDS | (16/28) 57% |
19. Montero et al. [64] | PC Single centre Spain | 73 | Septic patients with evidence of multi-organ dysfunction and mechanical ventilation for ≥ ten days |  < 18 years or > 80 years old, comorbidities such as other known myopathies, infection with HIV, renal failure, liver cirrhosis | Electrophysiological examination | Electrophysiological examinations on day 10 and day 21 from initiation of mechanical ventilation Diagnosis: reduced CMAP and SNAP amplitudes with fibrillation potentials | (50/73) 69% |
20. Tepper et al. [69] | PC Single centre Netherlands | 25 | Diagnosis of septic shock | Age > 80 years old, pre-existing neuromuscular conditions, neuropathies/myopathies, renal disease, diabetes, alcohol abuse | Electrophysiological examination | Electrophysiological examination within 72 h of admission Diagnosis: Reduced velocity, CMAP and spontaneous activity presence | (19/25) 76% |