Quartile 1 N = 685 | Quartile 2 N = 685 | Quartile 3 N = 684 | Quartile 4 N = 684 | p value for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative fluid balance, mL | 125 (− 272, 487) | 1700 (1281, 2150) | 3907 (3250, 4625) | 9084 (6837, 12,279) | < 0.01 |
Percent fluid overload, % | 0 (0–1) | 2 (2–3) | 5 (4–6) | 11 (8–15) | < 0.01 |
Age, years | 66 (56–74) | 67 (57–75) | 67 (57–75) | 65 (55–73) | 0.24 |
Weight, kg | 84.0 (70.0–100.50) | 80.25 (70.0–98.0) | 84.0 (70.0–98.8) | 85.0 (72.0–101.0) | 0.01 |
Baseline serum creatininea, mg/dl | 1.12 (0.84–1.59) | 1.11 (0.83–1.56) | 1.10 (0.83–1.53) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | < 0.01 |
Baseline eGFRb, mL/min/1.73m2 | 62 (41–89) | 64 (43–87) | 64 (41–89) | 75 (51–95) | < 0.01 |
Clinical Frailty Scale score | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 0.15 |
Preexisting conditions | |||||
Hypertension | 380 (56) | 390 (57) | 371 (54) | 380 (56) | 0.75 |
Diabetes mellitus | 223 (33) | 221 (32) | 184 (27) | 207 (30) | 0.12 |
Heart failure | 112 (16) | 108 (16) | 80 (12) | 75 (11) | < 0.01 |
Coronary artery disease | 176 (26) | 163 (24) | 131 (19) | 136 (20) | < 0.01 |
Liver disease | 86 (13) | 80 (12) | 71 (10) | 86 (13) | 0.81 |
Metastatic cancer | 32 ( 5) | 36 ( 5) | 42 ( 6) | 41 (6) | 0.21 |
Hematologic malignancy | 42 ( 6) | 43 ( 6) | 40 ( 6) | 35 (5) | 0.39 |
HIV/AIDS | 5 ( 1) | 7 ( 1) | 6 ( 1) | 6 (1) | 0.85 |
Admission category | |||||
Scheduled surgery | 87 (13) | 89 (13) | 100 (15) | 98 (14) | < 0.01 |
Unscheduled surgery | 119 (17) | 118 (17) | 157 (23) | 149 (22) | |
Medical | 479 (70) | 478 (70) | 427 (62) | 437 (64) | |
AKI risk factors | |||||
Cardiopulmonary bypass | 44 (6) | 53 (8) | 71 (10) | 55 (8) | 0.11 |
Aortic aneurysm repair | 26 (4) | 25 (4) | 46 (7) | 44 (6) | 0.66 |
Major trauma | 16 (2) | 25 (4) | 27 (4) | 44 (6) | < 0.01 |
Radiocontrast exposure | 151 (22) | 175 (26) | 187 (27) | 206 (30) | 0.99 |
Receipt of an aminoglycoside | 65 ( 9) | 68 (10) | 81 (12) | 68 (10) | 0.16 |
Sepsis | 333 (49) | 417 (61) | 416 (61) | 420 (61) | < 0.01 |
Septic shock | 215 (31) | 322 (47) | 338 (49) | 331 (48) | < 0.01 |
SAPS II score | 52 (42–65) | 59 (46–72) | 60 (49–74) | 62 (50–74.3) | < 0.01 |
SOFA score | 11 (8–13) | 12 (9–14) | 12 (10–14) | 13 (11–15) | < 0.01 |
Mechanical ventilation | 472 (69) | 513 (75) | 551 (81) | 608 (89) | < 0.01 |
Vasoactive support | 405 (59) | 492 (72) | 536 (78) | 507 (74) | < 0.01 |
Diuretic therapy in preceding 24 h | 293 (43) | 241 (35) | 209 (31) | 213 (31) | < 0.01 |
Enteral nutrition | 212 (31) | 243 (35) | 248 (36) | 339 (50) | < 0.01 |
Total parenteral nutrition | 83 (12) | 84 (12) | 79 (12) | 89 (13) | 0.72 |
Physiological parameters | |||||
Heart rate, beats/min | 105 (89–123) | 105 (90–122.75) | 110 (92.50–125) | 109 (91–125) | 0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 98 (85–120) | 94 (83–112) | 92 (81–107) | 95 (84–110) | < 0.01 |
Temperature, °C | 37.3 (36.6–38.1) | 37.4 (36.6–38.1) | 37.5 (36.8–38.3) | 37.6 (36.9–38.3) | < 0.01 |
Glasgow Coma Scale | 12 (5–15) | 10 (3–15) | 8 (3–14) | 6 (3–11) | < 0.01 |
Urine output, mL/24 h | 551 (178–1300) | 500 (200–925) | 399 (170–790) | 500 (224–927) | < 0.01 |
Laboratory parameters | |||||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 9.7 (8.3–11.6) | 9.9 (8.4–11.7) | 9.7 (8.3–11.4) | 9.2 (8.0–10.7) | < 0.01 |
White blood cell count—cells | |||||
× 109/L | 14 (9–20) | 15 (10–21) | 15 (10–22) | 15 (10–21) | 0.51 |
Platelets, cells × 109/L | 158 (90–234) | 155 (88–231) | 145 (87–216) | 127 (73–214) | < 0.01 |
Serum bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.88 (0.41–1.72) | 0.88 (0.47–1.81) | 0.88 (0.47–1.87) | 0.99 (0.47–2.63) | 0.74 |
Arterial pH | 7.35 (7.28–7.40) | 7.33 (7.27–7.39) | 7.33 (7.25–7.38) | 7.32 (7.26–7.39) | < 0.01 |
Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L | 20 (17–23) | 19 (16–22) | 19 (17–22) | 19 (16–22) | < 0.01 |
Outcomes | |||||
90-day all-cause mortality | 274 (40.0) | 312 (45.5) | 309 (45.2) | 307 (44.9) | 0.17 |
RRT dependence at 90 days | 42 (10.2) | 28 (7.6) | 28 (7.5) | 29 (7.8) | 0.26 |
Ventilator-free days through day 28 | 18 (0–26) | 12 (0–24) | 12 (0–23) | 6 (0–21) | < 0.01 |
Hospitalization-free days through day 90 | 34 (0–69) | 7 (0–66) | 0 (0–62) | 0 (0–57) | < 0.01 |