Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of included comparative studies

From: Comparative accuracy of biomarkers for the prediction of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

No

Study (year)

Population setting

Biomarker

Endpoint

AKI criteria

UOC

Total patient

No AKI (%)

AKI (%)

AKI severity

Timing of measurement

1

Qian et al. 2019 [24]

Patients who underwent cardiac surgery

Urinary NGAL

Urinary Klotho

AKI within post-op 7 days

AKIN

No

91

58 (63.7)

33 (36.3)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Post-op 0, 2, 4 h

2

Prowle et al. 2015 [25]

Cardiopulmonary bypass, ICU patients

Urinary NGAL

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Urinary L-FABP

AKI within post-op 5 days

RIFLE

No

93

68 (73.1)

25 (26.9)

AKI stage R, I, F

Pre-op, and post-op 24 h

3

Lei et al. 2018 [26]

Decompensated cirrhosis

Urinary NGAL

Urinary KIM-1

Serum CyC

Serum Cr

AKI within 7 days

KDIGO

Yes

150

82 (54.7)

68 (45.3)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

At hospital admission

4

van Wolfswinkel et al. 2016 [27]

Patients with imported falciparum malaria

Urinary NGAL

Urinary KIM-1

Serum NGAL

AKI within 7 days

KDIGO

No

39

33 (84.6)

6 (15.4)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

At hospital admission

5

Srisawat et al. 2015 [28]

Hospitalized patients with Leptospirosis

Urinary NGAL

Serum NGAL

AKI within 7 days

KDIGO

No

113

71 (62.8)

42 (37.2)

AKI stage ≥ 1

At hospital admission

6

Zeng et al. 2014 [29]

Major surgery

Urinary NGAL

Urinary L-FABP

Post-op AKI within 2 days

AKIN

No

197

160 (81.2)

37 (18.8)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Pre-op, and post-op 0, 4, 12 h and 1, 2, 7, 14 days

7

AydoÄŸdu et al. 2013 [30]

Critically ill patients with and without sepsis

Urinary NGAL

Urinary CyC

Serum CyC

AKI within 7 days

RIFLE

Yes

151

88 (58.3)

63 (41.7)

AKI stage R, I, F

Every day since ICU admission to the day of AKI

8

Liu et al. 2013 [31]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary NGAL

Urinary L-FABP

Post-op AKI within 3 days

AKIN

No

109

83 (76.1)

26 (23.9)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Pre-op, and post-op 0, 2 h

9

Wagener et al. 2011 [32]

Orthotopic liver transplantation

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Post-op AKI within 7 days

RIFLE

No

92

55 (59.8)

37 (40.2)

AKI stage ≥ R

Pre-op, post-op 3, 18, 24 h

10

Makris et al. 2009 [33]

Critically ill multiple trauma patients

Urinary NGAL

AKI within 3 days

RIFLE

No

31

20 (64.5)

11 (35.5)

AKI stage R, I, F

At ICU admission and post-admission 24, 48 h

11

Constantin et al. 2010 [34]

Critically ill patients

Serum NGAL

AKI at ICU admission

RIFLE

No

88

36 (40.9)

52 (59.1)

AKI stage ≥ R

At ICU admission

12

Cruz et al. 2010 [35]

Critically ill patients

Serum NGAL

AKI during ICU stay

RIFLE

No

301

168 (55.8)

133 (44.2)

AKI stage R, I, F

Daily from ICU admission to 4 days after ICU admission

13

de Geus et al. 2011 [36]

Critically ill patients

Urine NGAL

Serum NGAL

AKI with 7 days of ICU stay

RIFLE

No

632

461 (72.9)

171 (27.1)

AKI stage R, I, F

At ICU admission

14

Endre et al. 2011 [37]

Critically ill patients

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Urinary CysC/Cr

Urinary IL-18/Cr

Urinary KIM-1/Cr

AKI, Mortality within 7 days

AKIN and RIFLE

No

528

381 (72.2)

147 (27.8)

AKI stage ≥ R or ≥ 1

At ICU admission, and at 12 and 24 h after admission

15

Breidthardt et al. 2012 [38]

Acute heart failure patients presented to emergency department

Serum NGAL

AKI

AKIN

No

207

147 (71)

60 (29)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Every 6 h from ER presentation to 48 h after ER

16

Camou et al. 2013 [39]

Critically ill adult with septic shock

Serum NGAL

AKI at ICU admission, and 24 h, 48 h

RIFLE/AKIN

No

50

7 (14)

43 (86)

AKI stage R, I, F, AKI stage 1, 2, 3

at ICU admission, and 24 h, 48 h

17

Doi et al. 2013 [40]

Cardiac surgical patients

Serum NGAL

AKI

AKIN

No

146

93 (63.7)

53 (36.3)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Pre-op, post-op 0, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, 60 h

18

Gaipov et al. 2015 [41]

Cardiac surgical patients

Urinary NGAL

Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI within 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and RRT

KDIGO

No

60

40 (66.7)

20 (33.3)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3, RRT

Post-op 2 h

19

Cuartero et al. 2019 [42]

Critically ill patients

Serum NGAL

AKI and ICU admission and 48 h later

AKIN and KDIGO

No

100

57 (57)

43 (43)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

At ICU admission, and 24, 48 h later

20

Khawaja et al. 2019 [43]

Critically ill patients with suspected sepsis

Serum NGAL

Sepsis-related AKI

RIFLE

No

46

22 (47.8)

24 (52.2)

AKI stage ≥ R

12, 24, and 48 h after ICU admission

21

Mosa et al. 2018 [44]

Cardiothoracic surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass

Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

No

182

117 (64.3)

65 (35.7)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Before CPB and at 0, 2, 12, 24 h after CPB

22

Sun et al. 2017 [45]

Scrub typhus-associated AKI

Serum NGAL Serum KIM-1

Urinary NGAL/Cr Urinary KIM-1/Cr

Scrub typhus–associated AKI

RIFLE

Yes

138

113 (81.9)

25 (18.1)

AKI stage R, I, F

Admission (n = 138) and 3 days after taking the initial sample (n = 37)

23

Ghonemy et al. 2014 [46]

Cardiac surgery (CPB & valve replacement surgery)

Serum NGAL

Serum CysC

Post-op AKI

N.A

No

50

33 (66)

17 (34)

Creatinine level at 24 h being elevated either by 25% of the basal level or by 0.3 mg/dL above the basal level

Baseline, and post-op 3, 6, 24 h

24

Padhy et al. 2014 [47]

Patients received percutaneous coronary intervention

Serum NGAL Serum CysC

Contrast-induced AKI

N.A

No

60

30 (50)

30 (50)

by a rise in serum creatinine level of at least 0.5 mg/dL from the baseline value at 48 h

0, 4, 24, 48 h after coronary angiography

25

Geus et al. 2013 [48] (no sepsis)

ICU patients

Serum NGAL

AKI within 24 h after ICU admission

AKIN

No

542

427 (78.8)

115 (21.2)

AKI stage ≥ 1

ICU Admission (0 h) and at 4, 8, 24 h after ICU Admission

25

Geus et al. 2013 [48] (sepsis)

ICU patients

Serum NGAL

AKI within 24 h after ICU admission

AKIN

No

75

25 (33.3)

50 (66.7)

AKI stage ≥ 1

ICU Admission (0 h) and at 4, 8, 24 h after ICU Admission

26

Haase-Fielitz et al. 2009 [49]

Cardiac surgery

Serum NGAL, Serum CysC

Post-op AKI and 24 h after OP

SCr increase > 50% from baseline;

RIFLE

No

100

77 (77)

23 (23)

AKI stage R, I, F

Baseline, post-op 6 h and 24 h

27

Hanson et al. 2011 [50]

Severe malaria

Urinary NGAL

Serum Cr

RRT

N.A

No

163

79 (48.5)

84 (51.5)

RRT

On study enrollment

28

Introcaso et al. 2018 [51]

Cardiac surgery

Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

69

45 (65.2)

24 (34.8)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Pre-op and within post-op 4 h in ICU

29

Kim et al. 2017 [52]

Critically ill patients with suspected sepsis

Serum NGAL Serum PENK

AKI, mortality

KDIGO

No

167

126 (75.4)

41 (24.6)

AKI stage ≥ 1, RRT

On study enrollment

30

Ferrari et al. 2019 [53]

Critically ill adult

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI within 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days

KDIGO

Yes

442

254 (57.5)

188 (42.5)

AKI stage ≥ 1; RRT

ICU admission

31

Xie et al. 2019 [54]

ICU patients

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

CRRT, mortality, length of ICU stay

KDIGO

Stage AKI 1, 2, 3

Yes

719

480 (66.8)

239 (33.2)

AKI stage ≥ 1

immediately upon enrollment

32

Adler et al. 2018 [55]

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI

KDIGO

Stage AKI 1, 2, 3

Yes

48

17 (35.4)

31 (64.6)

AKI stage ≥ 1

3 h and 24 h after OHCA

33

Oezkur et al. 2017[ 56]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI within 48 h after op

KDIGO

Yes

100

80 (80)

20 (20)

Unknown

Before surgery (baseline), ICU admission (directly after Surgery), 24 h post-surgery

34

Wang et al. 2017 [57]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI within 7 days after op

KDIGO

Yes

57

37 (64.9)

20 (35.1)

AKI stage 2 or 3

Before surgery, ICU admission (in 2-h intervals from 0 to 12 h after Surgery), 24 h after ICU admission

35

Finge et al. 2017 [58]

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI within 48 h after op

KDIGO

Yes

93

59 (63.4)

34 (36.6)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Before surgery and 3-h postoperative period

36

Cuartero et al. 2017 [59]

Septic and non-septic critically ill patients

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI

AKIN

Yes

98

49 (50)

49 (50)

AKI stage ≥ 2, RRT

at ICU admission and up to 12 h later simultaneously with the morning blood work

37

Mayer et al. 2017 [60]

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Post-op AKI

KDIGO and RIFLE

Yes

110

101 (91.8)

9 (8.2)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3; stage R, I, F

Pre-op and at 1, 4, 24 h after surgery

38

Meersch et al. 2014 [61]

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Post-op AKI

AKIN or KDIGO

Yes

50

24 (48)

26 (52)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Pre-op and 4, 12, 24 h after CPB

39

Dusse et al. 2016 [62]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI stage 2 or 3 within 48 h after op

KDIGO

Yes

40

32 (80)

8 (20)

AKI stage 2, 3

post-op 4 h and then twice daily until discharge from ICU (maximum 4 days)

40

Gunnerson et al. 2016 [63]

Critically ill patients

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI stage 2 or 3

KDIGO

No

375

340 (90.7)

35 (9.3)

AKI stage 2, 3

Within 12 h of ICU admission

41

Wetz et al. 2015 [64]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Post-op AKI

Stage 1 or 2

KDIGO

No

42

26 (61.9)

16 (38.1)

AKI stage 1, 2

Baseline; End of surgery; 4 h after arrest of CPB; 1 day after surgery

42

Kimmel et al. 2016 [65]

ER patient

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Positive U scores at enrollment

 

No

362

347 (95.9)

15 (4.41)

Unknown

Admission

43

Pilarczyk et al. 2015 [66]

Post-cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Post-op AKI stage 2 or 3 within 48 h

KDIGO

No

60

41 (68.3)

19 (31.7)

AKI stage 1,2,3

Post-op 4 h and every 12 h until discharge

44

Hoste et al. 2014 [67]

Critically ill patients

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

AKI stage 2 or 3 within 12 h

KDIGO

Partial

153

27 (17.6)

126 (82.4)

AKI stage 1,2,3

ICU admission

45

Cummings et al. 2018 [68]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7

Post-op AKI stage 2 or 3 within 48 h

KDIGO

No

400

309 (77.3)

91 (22.7)

AKI stage 1, 2, 3

Immediately after CPB

46

Katagiri et al. 2012 [69]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary L-FABP

Post-op AKI

AKIN

No

77

49 (63.6)

28 (36.4)

Unknown

Pre-op, 0,4,12 h after ICU admission

47

Doi et al. 2011 [70]

Critically ill patients admitted to medical–surgical mixed ICU

Urinary L-FABP

Urinary NGAL

Urinary IL-18

AKI during admission

RIFLE

No

339

208 (61.4)

131 (38.6)

Unknown

12 h after ICU admission

48

Ferguson et al. 2010 [71]

Ordinary ward and ICU

Urinary L-FABP Urinary NGAL

Urinary KIM-1Urinary IL-18

Urinary NAG

AKI

 ≥ 50% increase in SCr from baseline

No

160

68 (42.5)

92 (57.5)

unknown

NA

49

Li et al. 2012 [72]

Liver transplantation

Urinary L-FABP

Urinary NGAL

AKI

AKIN

No

25

14 (56)

11 (44)

Unknown

0,2,4,6,12,24,48, 72,120 h after the anhepatic phase

50

Manabe et al. 2012 [73]

Cardiac catheterization

Urinary L-FABP

Contrast-induced AKI within 48 h

AKIN

No

220

201 (91.4)

19 (8.6)

Unknown

on day 0, 1 and 2 after contrast medium exposure

51

Matsui et al. 2012 [74]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary NGAL

Urinary L-FABP

Post-op AKI within 48 h

AKIN

No

85

37 (43.5)

48 (56.5)

Unknown

Before OP, 0,3,6,18,24 and 48 h after OP

52

Khreba et al. 2019 [75]

Post-cardiopulmonary bypass in open heart surgery

Urinary KIM-1

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

No

45

18 (40)

27 (60)

Unknown

Post-op 3 h

53

Tu et al. 2014 [76]

Sepsis

Urinary KIM-1

Sepsis-related AKI

AKIN

No

150

101 (67.3)

49 (32.7)

Unknown

0,1,3,6,24,48 h after ICU admission

54

Parikh et al. 2005 [77]

ARDS

Urinary IL-18

AKI within the first 6 days of ARDS

Increase in SCr by at least 50%

No

138

86 (62.3)

52 (37.7)

Unknown

ICU admission 0,1,3 day

55

Parikh et al. 2004 [78]

Kidney transplant patients

Urinary IL-18

ATN

SCr from normal to > 3 mg/dL (> 265 umol/L)

No

72

50 (69.4)

22 (30.6)

Unknown

24 h after op

56

Han et al. 2009 [79]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary KIM-1/Cr

Post-op AKI within 72 h after surgery

AKIN

No

90

54 (60)

36 (40)

Unknown

0,3,18,24 h after op

57

Liangos et al. 2009 [80]

Cardiac surgery (Cardiopulmonary bypass)

Urinary KIM-1

Urinary NAG

Urinary NGAL

Urinary IL-18

Urinary CysC

Urinary α1-microglobulin

Post-op AKI within 72 h

Cre inc > 50% in 72 h

No

103

90 (87.4)

13 (12.6)

Unknown

2 h

58

Naggar et al. 2012 [81]

Critically ill patients

Urinary KIM-1

AKI

RIFLE

No

40

20 (50)

20 (50)

Unknown

0,24,48 h

59

Nickolas et al. 2012 [82]

ER patients

Urinary KIM-1

Urinary NGAL

Urinary IL-18

Urinary L-FABP

Urinary CysC

AKI

RIFLE

No

1635

1539 (94.1)

96 (5.9)

Unknown

0 h ER

60

Vaidya et al. 2008 [83]

Inpatient nephrology consultation service

Urinary KIM-1

Urinary NGAL

Urinary IL-18

Urinary HGF

Urinary CysC

Urinary NAG

Urinary VEGF

Urinary CXCL 10

Urinary Total protein

AKI

RIFLE

No

204

102 (50)

102 (50)

Unknown

0 h

61

Nisula et al. 2015 [84]

ICU patients

Urinary IL-18

AKI

KDIGO on Day 2 or Day 3

YES

1439

942 (65.5)

497 (34.5)

AKI Stage3 RRT

0-24 h

62

Nickolas TL et al. 2008 [85]

ER patients

Urinary NGAL

Urinary NAG

Urinary α1-microglobulin

Urinary α1-acid glycoprotein

AKI

RIFLE-R

No

635

605 (95.3)

30 (4.7)

RRT

ED presentation

63

Cho et al. 2013 [86]

Critically ill patients admitted to medical–surgical mixed ICU

Urinary NGAL

Urinary L-FABP

AKI

AKIN

No

145

91 (62.8)

54 (37.2)

AKIN stage 1,2,3 RRT

ICU admission

64

Park et al. 2019 [87]

Sepsis

Urinary NGAL

Sepsis-related AKI

KDIGO

No

140

121 (86.4)

19 (13.6)

Unknown

0 h

65

Perry et al. 2010[88]

Cardiac Surgical

Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI within 4 days

50% increase in serum

No

879

804 (91.5)

75 (8.5)

Unknown

0 h

66

Shapiro et al. 2010 [89]

Sepsis

Serum NGAL/Cr

AKI

AKI/ > 0.5 mg/dL in 72 h

No

661

637 (96.4)

24 (3.6)

RIFLE-I

RIFLE-R

12,24,48,72 h

67

Thanakitcharu et al. 2014 [90]

Open cardiac surgery

Urinary NGAL

Post-op AKI

AKIN

No

130

84 (64.6)

46 (35.3)

Unknown

0,3,6 h after surgery

68

Valette et al. 2013 [91]

Contrast-induced

Serum NGAL

Contrast-related AKI within 72 h

AKIN

No

98

68 (64.6)

30 (35.4)

RRT

0,2,6,24 h

69

Varela et al. 2015 [92]

Cardiac surgery

Urinary NGAL

Post-op AKI

AKIN

No

66

50 (75.8)

16 (24.2)

Unknown

0,1,6,24 h after surgery

70

Chen et al. 2012 [93]

CCU, AMI

Serum NGAL,

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Urinary IL-18/Cr

Urinary Cystatin C

AKI

AKIN

No

150

107 (71.3)

43 (28.7)

Unknown

after CCU admission

71

Nisula et al. 2014 [94]

Critically ill

Urinary NGAL

AKI < 72 h

KDIGO

No

1042

663 (63.6)

379 (36.4)

AKI Stage 1.2.3

RRT

ICU arrival, 12 h 24 h after admission

72

Maisel et al. 2016 [95]

Acute heart failure

Serum NGAL

Worsening renal function < 5 days

increase in plasma creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or ≥ 50% above first value or initiation of acute renal replacement therapy

No

927

855 (92.2)

72 (7.8)

Unknown

Acute heart failure requiring intravenous diuretic agents. 2,6 h, 1,2,3d

73

Matsa et al. 2014 [96]

Critically ill

Serum NGAL

Urinary NGAL

AKI < 72 h

RIFLE

No

194

135 (69.6)

59 (30.4)

Unknown

0,24,48,72 h

ICU arrival

74

Munir et al. 2013 [97]

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Urine NGAL

Post-op AKI

 < 48 h

AKIN

No

88

77 (87.5)

11 (12.5)

Unknown

4 h after CPB

75

Onk et al. 2016 [98]

Cardiac surgery

Serum IL-6

Serum NGAL

Serum SCr

Post-op AKI

 < 7 days

RIFLE

No

90

45 (50)

45 (50)

RIFLE-R,I,F

Pre-op

1,6,12,24,36 h,7d

76

AZRINA MD RALIB et al. 2017 [99]

Critically ill

Serum NGAL

AKI

KDIGO

No

225

138 (61.3)

87 (38.7)

Unknown

within 24 h of ICU admission

77

Yang et al. 2016 [100]

Heart failure

Urinary NGAL

Urinary KIM-1

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Urinary KIM-1/Cr

Serum CysC

AKI

KDIGO

No

103

54

49

Unknown

Admission to ICU

78

Ueta et al. 2014 [101]

Endovascular stent graft repair of aortic aneurysm

Urinary NGAL/Cr

Urinary NGAL

Serum NGAL

Serum L-FABP

Serum L-FABP/Cr

Post-op AKI

AKIN

No

42

36

6

Unknown

2 h post-op

0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 1d, 3d, 4d

79

Chang et al. 2015 [102]

CCU patients

Urinary NGAL

NGAL/Cr

Pre-renal and intrinsic AKI

KDIGO

No

147

76

71

Unknown

Admission to CCU

80

Hjortrup et al. 2014 [103]

ICU severe sepsis

Serum NGAL

Urinary NGAL

AKI

KDIGO

No

222

191

31

AKI stage ≥ 1, RRT

On study enrollment

81

Chen et al. 2020 [104]

CCU patients

Serum IL-18

Serum NGAL

Serum CysC

Urinary NGAL

Urinary NGAL/Cr

AKI

KDIGO

No

269

217

52

Unknown

Admission to CCU

82

Wybraniec et al. 2017 [105]

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury

Urinary KIM-1,

Urinary IL-18

Contrast-induced AKI

KDIGO

No

95

86

9

Unknown

6 h after procedure

83

Sinkala et al. et al. 2016 [106]

Hospitalized patients

Urinary KIM-1

AKI

unknown

unknown

40

27

13

Unknown

Cross-sectional

84

Torregrosa et al. et al. 2014 [107]

Acute coronary syndrome or heart failure or undergoing coronary angiography

Urinary L-FABP

Urinary KIM-1

Urinary NGAL

AKI

RIFLE

No

144

124

20

Unknown

12 h after procedure

85

Tekce et al. 2014 [108]

Patient received cisplatin

Urinary KIM-1,

Serum KIM-1

AKI

Cre > 1.5–twofold

No

22

14

8

Unknown

Day 0, 1,3,5

86

Torregrosa et al. 2012 [109] (M)

Acute coronary syndrome

Urinary IL-18

Urinary NGAL

AKI

KDIGO

 

89

77

12

Unknown

12 h after procedure

86

Torregrosa et al. 2012 [109] (S)

Cardiac surgery

Urinary IL-18

Urinary NGAL

Post-op AKI

RIFLE, Cre inc > 50%

No

46

32

14

Unknown

12 h after surgery

87

Matsui et al. 2011 [110]

ICU patients

Urinary L-FABP/Cr

Urinary NAG/Cr

AKI

AKIN (incre > 0.3, 50%)

No

25

11

14

Unknown

0 h after ICU

88

Parikh et al. 2011 [111]

Cardiac surgery

Serum NGAL

Urinary NGAL

Urinary IL-18

Post-op AKI

RIFLE

R

1219

1159

60

Unknown

0–5 day after surgery

89

Wang 2017 [112]

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Urinary IL-18

Post-op AKI

Cre increase > 50%

No

103

81

22

Unknown

Before CPB, at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h and 12 h after CPB

90

Haase-Fielitz et al. 2009 [113]

Cardiac surgery

Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI

Cre increase > 50% within 168 h

No

100

77

23

RIFLE-I,F

AKIN-2,3

RRT

6 h after start CPB

91

Waskowski 2021 [114]

Cardiac surgery

11. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 0.3

12. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 2

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

93

62 (67)

31 (33)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Post-op day 1

92

Imoto 2021 [115]

ICU patients

07. NGAL

AKI

KDIGO

Yes

106

35 (33)

71 (67)

AKI Stage 3

Day 1

93

Lee 2021 [116]

Cardiac surgery

05. L-FABP

06. L-FABP/Cr

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

144

85 (59)

59 (41)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Post-op 16–18 h

94

Szymanowicz 2021 [117]

Cardiac surgery

07. NGAL

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

No

114

96 (84)

18 (16)

AKI stage ≥ 1

3 h after OP

95

Zhen 2021 [118]

Acute coronary syndrome

09. Serum NGAL

AKI

AKIN

No

172

149 (87)

23 (13)

AKI stage ≥ 1

6 h after admission

96

Obata 2021 [119]

Open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

06. L-FABP/Cr

08. NGAL/Cr

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

No

64

45 (70)

19 (30)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Pre-op, post-induction, 2 h post-AXC, Post-op, 4 h and 2 day

97

Qiu 2021 [120]

Sepsis

07. NGAL

Sepsis-related AKI

KDIGO

Yes

90

46 (51)

44 (49)

AKI stage ≥ 1

at ICU admission

98

Shakked 2022 [121]

COVID-19 patients

09. Serum NGAL

AKI

KDIGO

No

52

30 (58)

22 (42)

AKI stage ≥ 1, RRT

ER presentation

99

Vogel 2021 [122]

COVID-19 patients

04. KIM-1/Cr

AKI

KDIGO

No

54

46 (85)

8 (15)

AKI stage ≥ 1

ER presentation

100

Ergun 2021 [123]

Major surgery

09. Serum NGAL

Post-op AKI

AKIN

Yes

60

47 (78)

13 (22)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Pre-op, Post-op 6 h,24 h

101

Pilarczyk 2022 [124]

Thoracic aortic surgery

10. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: custom

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

101

74 (73)

27 (27)

AKI stage 2 or 3

Pre-op, Post-op 2 h, 6 h, POD 1

102

Okuda 2022 [125]

Emergency laparotomy

06. L-FABP/Cr

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

48

38 (79)

10 (21)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Pre-op, Post-op 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h

103

Pei 2022 [126]

Sepsis

09. Serum NGAL

Sepsis-related AKI

KDIGO

Yes

162

102 (63)

60 (37)

AKI stage ≥ 1

ER presentation

104

Jahaj 2021 [127]

ICU patients

09. Serum NGAL

AKI

RIFLE

Yes

266

168 (63)

98 (37)

AKI stage ≥ 1

24 h after ICU admission

105

Garms 2021 [128]

Patients received vancomycin

07. NGAL

Drug-related AKI

KDIGO

Yes

94

71 (76)

23 (24)

AKI stage ≥ 1

The first day of vancomycin use

106

Irqsusi 2021 [129]

Cardiac surgery

10. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: custom

11. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 0.3

12. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 2

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

50

36 (72)

14 ( (28)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Post-op 0.5 h, 1 h and 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after ICU admission

107

Guray 2021 [130]

Patients undergoing coronary angiography

09. Serum NGAL

Contrast-induced nephropathy

an increase of over 25% or equal to or over 44.2 μmol/L in baseline SCr at 48–72 h after cardiac catheterization

No

84

68 (81)

16 (19)

AKI stage ≥ 1

Before and at 4 and 24 h after the procedure

108

Tan 2022 [131]

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy-related urosepsis

01 IL-18

03. KIM-1

07. NGAL

Sepsis-related AKI

KDIGO

Yes

157

121 (77)

36 (23)

AKI stage ≥ 1

0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after the surgery

109

Lakhal 2021 [132]

Cardiac surgery patients

02. 11. TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 0.3

Post-op AKI

KDIGO

Yes

65

38 (58)

27 (42)

AKI stage ≥ 1

before CPB and post-CPB 6 h, 24 h

110

Sahu 2022 [133]

Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

03. 09. Serum NGAL

Contrast-induced nephropathy

an increase in SCr by > 0.5 mg/dL or > 25%, assessed at 48 h after the procedure

No

212

187 (88)

25 (12)

AKI stage ≥ 1

4 and 48 h after the procedure

  1. AKI acute kidney injury, AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ATN acute tubular necrosis, CCU cardiac care unit, Cr creatinine, CPB cardiothoracic surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass, CysC cystatin C, ER emergency room, ICU intensive care unit, IL-18 interleukin-18, KDIGO Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, KIM-1 kidney injury molecule-1, L-FABP liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, PENK proenkephalin, RIFLE Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease, SCr serum creatinine, TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 × insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7, UOC urine output criteria