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Fig. 2 | Critical Care

Fig. 2

From: How symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression relate to each other for grieving ICU families during the first two years of bereavement

Fig. 2

Significant reciprocal relationships between symptoms of depression, PTSD, and PGD by cross-lagged panel modeling from 6 to 24 months post-loss. Depressive symptoms were measured with the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. PTSD symptoms were measured by the Impact of Event Scale—Revised. PGD symptoms were measured by 11 items of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13. Autoregressive coefficients along horizontal arrows indicate stability of each variable, and cross-lagged coefficients along diagonal arrows indicate strength of temporal relationships between symptoms with autoregressive coefficient controlled. Cross-lagged effect sizes: 0.03 (small effect), 0.07 (medium effect), and 0.12 (large effect). Gender, kindship to the deceased, and education level were adjusted. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535