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Table 1 Characteristics of the critically ill COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers included in the present study

From: Microcirculatory alterations in critically ill COVID-19 patients analyzed using artificial intelligence

 

Training and internal validation cohort

External validation cohort

COVID-19 patients (Zurich / Rotterdam/The Hague cohorts) n = 59

Healthy volunteers (Hamburg cohort) n = 40

P value

COVID-19 patients (Leiden cohort) n = 25

Healthy volunteers (Zurich cohort) n = 33

P value

Characteristics at study inclusion

Age

59.5 ± 10.6

24.1 ± 1.8

< 0.0001

60.8 ± 10.7

45.8 ± 12.1

< 0.0001

Sex [male]

43/54 (80%)

17/40 (42.5)

< 0.0001

18/25 (72%)

15/33 (55%)

< 0.0001

Body mass index [kg m−2]

29.0 ± 6.0

22.8 ± 2.9

< 0.0001

30.0 ± 6.0

23.1 ± 4.5

< 0.0001

Duration of COVID symptoms before inclusion [days]

17 (12–27)

–

–

10 (9–11)

–

–

Days from ICU admission to inclusion [days]

7 (4–12)

–

–

2 (1–3)

–

–

Physiological status at study inclusion

O2 saturation [%]

93 ± 3

–

–

92 ± 10

98 ± 1

0.0006

PaO2 [mmHg]

77 ± 24

–

–

84 ± 21

95 ± 8

< 0.0001

FiO2 [%]

48 ± 17

21 ± 0

< 0.0001

51 ± 18

21 ± 0

< 0.0001

PaO2/FiO2 ratio

178 ± 79

–

–

187 ± 67

454 ± 38

< 0.0001

PEEP [cmH2O]

15.7 ± 6.9

–

–

11.5 ± 4.1

–

–

pH

7.39 ± 0.08

–

–

7.39 ± 0.07

7.44 ± 0.02

< 0.0001

Lactate [mmol L−1]

1.2 ± 0.4

–

–

2.1 ± 0.7

0.8 ± 0.2

< 0.0001

Hemoglobin [g L−1]

97 ± 18

–

–

127 ± 14

148 ± 9

< 0.0001

Systemic hematocrit [%]

31 ± 5

–

–

39 ± 4

43 ± 3

< 0.0001

Heart rate [bpm]

92 ± 19

69.3 ± 12.1

< 0.0001

69 ± 17

59.2 ± 5.3

0.001

Mean arterial pressure [mmHg]

85 ± 12

85.8 ± 8.19

0.32

80 ± 11

89.6 ± 9.6

0.0001

ICU course and outcome

Full anticoagulation

23/42 (55%)

0/40 (0%)

< 0.0001

7/21 (33%)

0/33 (0%)

< 0.0001

Prophylactic anticoagulation

19/42 (45%)

0/40 (0%)

< 0.0001

14/21 (67%)

0/33 (0%)

< 0.0001

Pulmonary embolism or macro-thrombosis during ICU stay

19/39 (49%)

–

–

4/19 (21%)

–

–

ICU mortality

10/44 (23%)

–

–

7/21 (33%)

–

–

Microcirculatory hemodynamic variables

Total vessel density, TVD [mm mm−2]

21.8 ± 5.2

19.2 ± 4.1

< 0.0001

22.6 ± 3.7

19.1 ± 4.3

< 0.0001

Functional capillary density, FCD [mm mm−2]

21.2 ± 4.9

18.2 ± 3.8

< 0.0001

21.6 ± 3.6

18.3 ± 4.1

< 0.0001

Red blood cell velocity, RBCv [μm s−1]

349 ± 41

325 ± 49

< 0.0001

336 ± 35

316 ± 52

< 0.0001

Capillary hematocrit, cHct [%]

5.17 ± 1.21

5.18 ± 0.87

< 0.0001

5.21 ± 0.81

4.62 ± 0.83

< 0.0001

  1. Values are given as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), as appropriate. FiO2, inspiratory oxygen fraction; ICU, intensive care unit; PaO2, arterial oxygen partial pressure; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure