Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with and without COVID-19
Variable | Patients with COVID-19 | Patients without COVID-19 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Number | 3077 | 1543 | – |
Frailty status, n (%) | |||
 CFS-1–3 | 2298 (74.7%) | 620 (40.2%) | < 0.001 |
 CFS-4 | 410 (13.3%) | 408 (26.4%) | |
 CFS-5 | 157 (5.1%) | 206 (13.4%) | |
 CFS-6 | 144 (4.7%) | 203 (13.2%) | |
 CFS-7–8 | 68 (2.2%) | 106 (6.9%) | |
CFS—Frailty score (median [IQR]) | 3 (2, 4) | 4 (3, 5) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) [median (IQR)] | 57.0 (44.7, 68.3) | 66.1 (52.0, 76.2) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 1887 (61.3%) | 792 (51.3%) | < 0.001 |
Indigenous status, n (%) | 79 (2.7%) | 139 (9.3%) | < 0.001 |
Jurisdiction, n (%) | |||
 New South Wales | 1486 (48.3%) | 466 (30.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Victoria | 1387 (45.1%) | 396 (25.7%) | |
 Queensland | 37 (1.2%) | 257 (16.7%) | |
 Western Australia | 37 (1.2%) | 117 (7.6%) | |
 South Australia | 2 (0.1%) | 62 (4.0%) | |
 Tasmania | 2 (0.1%) | 25 (1.6%) | |
 Australian Capital Territory | 60 (1.9%) | 62 (4.0%) | |
 Northern Territory | 4 (0.1%) | 49 (3.2%) | |
 New Zealand, n (%) | 62 (2.0%) | 109 (7.1%) | |
Admission source, n (%) | |||
 Home | 2483 (80.7%) | 1199 (77.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Other acute hospital | 280 (8.4%) | 251 (16.3%) | |
 Nursing home or chronic care | 15 (0.5%) | 21 (1.4%) | |
 Other hospital ICU | 260 (8.4%) | 52 (3.4%) | |
 Rehabilitation | 3 (0.1%) | 6 (0.4%) | |
 Missing | 36 (1.2%) | 14 (0.9%) | |
ICU admission source, n (%) | |||
 Emergency department (ED) | 1198 (38.9%) | 660 (42.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Ward | 1486 (48.3%) | 714 (46.3%) | |
 Other hospital (ED and ICU) | 378 (12.2%) | 161 (10.4%) | |
 Operating theatre/recovery | 1 (0.0%) | 2 (0.1%) | |
 Direct admit | 14 (0.5%) | 6 (0.4%) | |
Documented co-morbidities, n (%) | |||
 Chronic respiratory condition | 201 (6.5%) | 305 (19.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Chronic cardiovascular condition | 180 (5.8%) | 189 (12.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Chronic renal failure | 74 (2.4%) | 183 (11.9%) | < 0.001 |
 Chronic liver disease | 22 (0.7%) | 37 (2.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 866 (29.3%) | 415 (28.4%) | 0.019 |
 Immune suppressive therapy | 147 (4.8%) | 182 (11.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Lymphoma | 13 (0.4%) | 29 (1.9%) | < 0.001 |
 Leukaemia | 26 (0.8%) | 77 (5.0%) | < 0.001 |
 Metastatic cancer | 25 (0.8%) | 59 (3.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) | 1,061 (34.5%) | 412 (26.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Delirium | 261 (8.5%) | 116 (7.5%) | < 0.001 |
 Pregnancy status | 72 (2.3%) | 13 (0.8%) | < 0.001 |
Pre-ICU (days) (median [IQR]) | 0.35 (0.13, 1.63) | 0.38 (0.14, 1.39) | 0.90 |
Organ failure scores | |||
 APACHE III (mean [SD]) | 50.1 (20.0) | 58.4 (21.7) | < 0.001 |
 ANZROD (%) (mean [SD]) | 9.6 (12.3) | 16.0 (18.2) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission post MET call | 1107 (36.2%) | 603 (39.3%) | 0.045 |
Treatment limitations | 248 (8.1%) | 299 (19.4%) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 6 (0.2%) | 8 (0.5%) | 0.08 |
ICU Supports | |||
 Mechanical ventilation (MV), n (%) | 1314 (43.2%) | 328 (22.1%) | < 0.001 |
 MV duration (hours), median (IQR) | 178.0 (68.0, 348.8) | 92.0 (37.0, 204.5) | < 0.001 |
 Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), n (%) | 1268 (41.9%) | 750 (50.0%) | < 0.001 |
 NIV duration (hours), median (IQR) | 21.0 (4.3, 66.0) | 11.0 (3.0, 30.0) | < 0.001 |
 Vasopressor and inotropes, n (%) | 1197 (39.3%) | 461 (30.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 182 (6.0%) | 162 (10.9%) | < 0.001 |
 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 106 (3.5%) | 25 (1.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Tracheostomy, n (%) | 190 (6.3%) | 38 (2.6%) | < 0.001 |