Fig. 2

Rain plot of metabolites significantly associated with increased N-formylmethionine in VITdAL-ICU and RoCI cohorts. The correlations between individual metabolites and N-formylmethionine abundance at day 0 were determined for the VITdAL-ICU cohort utilizing linear regression models correcting for age, sex, SAPS II, admission diagnosis, and 25(OH)D at day 0. For the RoCI cohort, correlations between individual metabolites and N-formylmethionine abundance at day 0 were determined utilizing linear regression models correcting for age, sex, race, and APACHE II score. The magnitude of beta coefficient estimates (effect size) is shown by a color fill scale, and the corresponding significance level (− log₁₀(P value)) is represented by size of the circle. The intensity of the red or blue fill color represents an increase or decrease, respectively, in effect size for that metabolite relative to N-formylmethionine abundance. All respective effect sizes (beta coefficient) and q values can be found in tabular form in Additional file 13. All metabolites shown have a false discovery rate adjusted p value (q value) < 0.09 in both cohorts. A Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolites; B kynurenine pathway metabolites; C pentose phosphate pathway metabolites; and D short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines