Fig. 2

VILI increases amygdalar neuronal activity, neuronal stress response, and both amygdalar and hippocampal IL-6 and TNF-α. A–B Quantified levels of cellular stress response (HSP90) and of neuronal activity (c-fos) within the amygdala and hippocampus. C–H IL-6 and TNF-α are significantly increased in VILI brains compared to SB controls in amygdala but not in the hippocampus, while there is no significant change in IL-1β in both areas. I Representative micrographs stained for IL-6 (positive signal displayed in red); cell nuclei are revealed by DAPI staining (gray). Quantitative data are expressed in mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001