Table 1 Summary of Studies that Have Described (A) Serum Creatinine Trajectory Trends during AKI (B) the duration of AKI recovery and poor renal outcomes

A

Guitterezet al. [22]

NA

Rise in serum creatinine > 25% above baseline

Single US center

Random intercept and slope model

98

Cardiac catherization

Maximum creatinine within 5.5 days ± 5.1 days

NA

Bhatraju et al. [7]

2003–2005

KDIGO SCr criteria

Single and multi-

Center US

Spaghetti plots

1,914 and 1,867

ICU admissions

AKI during the first 72 h in the ICU

Death prior to hospital discharge

Smith et al. [24]

2009–2017

KDIGO SCr criteria

(NHLBI) ARDS Network and Single US center

Dynamic time-warping, the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and qgglomerative hierarchical clustering

6,816

ICU admissions

AKI during the first 7 days in the ICU

Death prior to hospital discharge

Andrew et al. [23]

2000–2009

KDIGO SCr criteria

Single US center

Latent class mixed modeling

2,647 and 2,647

Cardiac Surgery

AKI experienced within the preoperative and first four postoperative days

Death 3 years postoperatively

B

Ozrazgat-Baslanti et al. [25]

2012-

2019

KDIGO SCr criteria

Single US center

Propensity score-based inverse weighting and Kaplan–Meier curves

156, 699

All hospitalizations

Classified (no AKI, rapidly reversed AKI, persistent AKI with and without renal recovery)

1, 3- year mortality, need for new RRT, new CKD within 90 days or 1-year, CKD progression

Siew et al. [26]

2002–2014

KDIGO stages 2 to 3 AKI

US Veterans

Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression

47,903

All hospitalizations

AKI recovery to within 120% of baseline SCr level within 90 days

Sustained 40% decline in eGFR from closest SCr

Bhatraju et al. [27]

2009–2015

Modified KDIGO

Multi-center US

ASSESS-AKI study

Cox proportional hazards regression

1,538

All hospitalizations

AKI resolving with 72 h of AKI diagnosis

Major adverse kidney events