Long-term cognitive functioning is impaired in ICU-treated COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive controlled neuropsychological study

Table 3 Means and standard deviations (SD) of the cognitive scores in the study groups

	N	ICU	WARD	HOME	CONTROL	ES of group	ES of age	ES of education	ES of sex	Significant interactions	Significant pairwise differences
Total score mean (SD)	213	− 2.342 (6.526)	− 0.719 (6.274)	4.095 (3.595)	0.520 (5.560)	.065 **	.292 ***	.150 ***	.000	Group and education, group and sex and education	ICU < HOME, WARD < HOME
Domain scores multivariate model	159^a					.039 *	.319 ***	–	.020
Attention, mean (SD)	159^a	− 0.342 (2.387)	0.690 (1.665)	1.240 (1.378)	0.865 (1.607)	.070 **	.273 ***	–	.000		ICU < WARD, ICU < CONTROL
Executive functions, mean (SD)	159^a	− 0.185 (2.835)	0.413 (1.789)	1.396 (1.135)	0.880 (1.536)	.036	.247 ***	–	.001	Group and sex
Memory, mean (SD)	159^a	− 0.233 (2.201)	0.435 (2.117)	1.861 (1.843)	0.274 (2.011)	.048	.148 ***	–	.018

Effect sizes (ES) for group, age, education level and sex in univariate and multivariate general linear models, and significant pairwise differences between the study groups
^aOnly cases with > 12 years of education. ES = effect size (partial eta squared): 0.01 denotes a small, 0.06 a medium, and 0.14 or higher a large effect size; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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