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Fig. 2 | Critical Care

Fig. 2

From: The gut–liver axis in sepsis: interaction mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Fig. 2

An overview of the signaling pathway of TLR4 activated by LPS. LPS recognition, as facilitated by LBP and CD14, is mediated by TLR4 and the MD-2 receptor complex. Activation of TLR4 signaling, classified into MyD88 dependent, MyD88-independent, and TRIF-dependent pathways, mediates activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, etc.) and type I interferon genes. IL, interleukin; LBP, LPS-binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MD-2, myeloid differentiation-2; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TRIF, Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β; TNF, tumor necrosis factor

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