All n = 1286 | No AKI n = 191 14.9% | AKI n = 1095 85.1% | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Baseline demographics | ||||
Sex (M/F) (n = 1286) | 879 (68.4%)/407 (31.6%) | 135 (70.7%)/56 (29.3%) | 744 (67.9%)/351 (32.1%) | 0.453 |
Age (y) (n = 1285) | 69 (59, 77) | 63 (53, 73) | 69 (60, 77) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (n = 1262) | 27.8 (25.0, 32.0) | 26.9 (24.4, 30.1) | 28.1 (25.2, 32.5) | < 0.001 |
Baseline sCr (mg/dL) (n = 1286) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.781 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) (n = 1285) | 84 (67, 98) | 86 (74, 101) | 83 (66, 97) | 0.014 |
CKD (eGFR < 60) (n = 1285) | 252 (19.6%) | 28 (14.7%) | 224 (20.5%) | 0.062 |
COVID day at Hospital admission (n = 849) | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 8.0) | 0.295 |
COVID day at ICU admission (n = 850) | 8.0 (5.0, 11.6) | 9.0 (4.5, 11.6) | 8.0 (5.0, 11.6) | 0.732 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Arterial hypertension (n = 1042) | 492 (47.2%) | 60 (39.7%) | 432 (48.5%) | 0.046 |
Cardiovascular disease (n = 948) | 391 (41.2%) | 51 (36.7%) | 340 (42.0%) | 0.238 |
COPD/asthma (n = 949) | 145 (15.3%) | 19 (13.7%) | 126 (15.6%) | 0.568 |
Diabetes (n = 955) | 245 (25.7%) | 23 (16.8%) | 222 (27.1%) | 0.010 |
Cirrhosis (n = 948) | 18 (1.9%) | 2 (1.4%) | 16 (2.0%) | 1.000 |
Cancer (n = 947) | 112 (11.8%) | 12 (8.7%) | 100 (12.4%) | 0.218 |
Immunocompromised (n = 948) | 95 (10.0%) | 18 (12.9%) | 77 (9.5%) | 0.213 |
Medication at home | ||||
ACEI/ARBs (n = 727) | 242 (33.3%) | 28 (26.2%) | 214 (34.5%) | 0.091 |
Immunosuppressive drugs (n = 947) | 56 (5.9%) | 11 (8.0%) | 45 (5.6%) | 0.268 |
Severity of illness at first day of ICU admission (In case of hospital transfer, first day of ICU in investigating center) | ||||
(b) Severity-of-illness parameters | ||||
APACHE II (n = 883) | 16.0 (13.0, 22.0) | 14.0 (10.3, 17.0) | 17.0 (13.0, 22.0) | < 0.001 |
SAPS II (n = 855) | 39 (31, 48) | 31 (24, 41) | 40 (32, 49) | < 0.001 |
SOFA (n = 926) | 5 (3, 10) | 3 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 10) | < 0.001 |
Lymphocytopenia (< 1000/µL) (n = 813) | 518 (63.7%) | 85 (72.6%) | 433 (62.2%) | 0.030 |
Ferritin (µg/L) (n = 636) | 1226 (617, 1942) | 1390 (612, 2486) | 1200 (617, 1916) | 0.299 |
CRP (mg/L) (n = 1066) | 132.5 (74.2, 209.8) | 97.1 (54.5, 190.0) | 138.3 (79.1, 213.1) | < 0.001 |
D-dimers (ng/mL) (n = 783) | 1160 (573, 2344) | 750 (290, 1623) | 1246 (600, 2520) | < 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2 (n = 970) | 89 (68, 127) | 114 (75, 160) | 88 (67, 124) | < 0.001 |
HFO (n = 923) | 512 (55.5%) | 55 (50.5%) | 457 (56.1%) | 0.262 |
NIV (n = 952) | 91 (9.6%) | 7 (5.1%) | 84 (10.3%) | 0.436 |
IMV (n = 962) | 351 (36.5%) | 16 (14.7%) | 335 (39.3%) | < 0.001 |
Prone (n = 847) | 63 (7.4%) | 6 (5.7%) | 57 (7.7%) | 0.472 |
VV-ECMO (n = 838) | 32 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 32 (4.4%) | 0.025 |
Vasoactive drugs (n = 1286) | 387 (30.1%) | 32 (16.8%) | 355 (32.4%) | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) (lowest) (n = 971) | 71 (61, 86) | 75 (65, 87) | 71 (61, 86) | 0.175 |
Severity of illness @ first day of AKI | ||||
AKI stage | ||||
Stage 1 | 472 (45.1%) | |||
Stage 2 | 522 (49.9%) | |||
Stage 3 | 52 (5.0%) | |||
SOFA score (n = 353) | 9 (5, 11) | |||
PaO2/FiO2 (n = 1044) | 98 (69, 137) | |||
HFO (n = 573) | 290 (50.6%) | |||
NIV (n = 659) | 49 (7.4%) | |||
IMV (n = 836) | 400 (47.8%) | |||
VV-ECMO (n = 608) | 42 (6.9%) | |||
Prone position (n = 638) | 118 (18.5%; 29.2% of patients on IMV) | |||
Vasoactive drugs (n = 503) | 322 (64.0%) | |||
MAP (mmHg) (lowest) (n = 854) | 64 (55, 76) | |||
Lymphocytopenia (< 1000/µL) (n = 781) | 658 (84.3%) | |||
Ferritin (µg/L) (n = 713) | 1043 (414, 1700) | |||
CRP (mg/L) (n = 1060) | 123 (63, 210) | |||
D-dimers (n = 709) | 950 (340, 2121) | |||
(c) Treatment during ICU admission | ||||
Corticosteroids (n = 1043) | 780 (74.8%) | 96 (63.6%) | 684 (76.7%) | < 0.001 |
Hydroxychloroquine (n = 1285) | 333 (25.9%) | 40 (20.9%) | 293 (26.8%) | 0.089 |
Remdesivir (n = 1285) | 193 (15.0%) | 39 (20.4%) | 154 (14.1%) | 0.024 |
Anti-IL1 or anti-IL6 (n = 1286) | 54 (4.2%) | 5 (2.6%) | 49 (4.5%) | 0.238 |
Convalescent COVID-19 plasma (n = 1214) | 15 (1.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 13 (1.3%) | 1.000 |
NSAIDs (n = 1285) | 48 (3.7%) | 5 (2.6%) | 43 (3.9%) | 0.377 |
Aminoglycoside (n = 1041) | 83 (8.0%) | 3 (2.0%) | 80 (9.0%) | 0.003 |
Vancomycin (n = 1285) | 215 (16.7%) | 5 (2.6%) | 210 (19.2%) | < 0.001 |
Vasoactive drugs (n = 1286) | 648 (50.4%) | 37 (19.4%) | 611 (55.8%) | < 0.001 |
IMV (n = 870) | 560 (64.4%) | 18 (23.1%) | 542 (68.4%) | < 0.001 |