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Table 1 (a) Baseline demographics, (b) severity-of-illness parameters, and (c) treatment during ICU admission

From: Acute kidney injury in critical COVID-19: a multicenter cohort analysis in seven large hospitals in Belgium

 

All

n = 1286

No AKI

n = 191

14.9%

AKI

n = 1095

85.1%

p Value

(a) Baseline demographics

Sex (M/F)

(n = 1286)

879 (68.4%)/407 (31.6%)

135 (70.7%)/56 (29.3%)

744 (67.9%)/351 (32.1%)

0.453

Age (y)

(n = 1285)

69

(59, 77)

63

(53, 73)

69

(60, 77)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

(n = 1262)

27.8

(25.0, 32.0)

26.9

(24.4, 30.1)

28.1

(25.2, 32.5)

 < 0.001

Baseline sCr (mg/dL)

(n = 1286)

0.85

(0.67, 1.07)

0.84

(0.70, 1.03)

0.85

(0.67, 1.08)

0.781

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

(n = 1285)

84

(67, 98)

86

(74, 101)

83

(66, 97)

0.014

CKD (eGFR < 60)

(n = 1285)

252

(19.6%)

28

(14.7%)

224

(20.5%)

0.062

COVID day at Hospital admission

(n = 849)

6.0

(3.0, 9.0)

7.0

(3.0, 10.0)

6.0

(3.0, 8.0)

0.295

COVID day at ICU admission

(n = 850)

8.0

(5.0, 11.6)

9.0

(4.5, 11.6)

8.0

(5.0, 11.6)

0.732

Comorbidities

Arterial hypertension

(n = 1042)

492 (47.2%)

60 (39.7%)

432 (48.5%)

0.046

Cardiovascular disease

(n = 948)

391 (41.2%)

51 (36.7%)

340 (42.0%)

0.238

COPD/asthma

(n = 949)

145 (15.3%)

19 (13.7%)

126 (15.6%)

0.568

Diabetes

(n = 955)

245 (25.7%)

23 (16.8%)

222 (27.1%)

0.010

Cirrhosis

(n = 948)

18 (1.9%)

2 (1.4%)

16 (2.0%)

1.000

Cancer

(n = 947)

112 (11.8%)

12 (8.7%)

100 (12.4%)

0.218

Immunocompromised

(n = 948)

95 (10.0%)

18 (12.9%)

77 (9.5%)

0.213

Medication at home

ACEI/ARBs

(n = 727)

242 (33.3%)

28 (26.2%)

214 (34.5%)

0.091

Immunosuppressive drugs

(n = 947)

56 (5.9%)

11 (8.0%)

45 (5.6%)

0.268

Severity of illness at first day of ICU admission

(In case of hospital transfer, first day of ICU in investigating center)

(b) Severity-of-illness parameters

APACHE II

(n = 883)

16.0

(13.0, 22.0)

14.0

(10.3, 17.0)

17.0

(13.0, 22.0)

 < 0.001

SAPS II

(n = 855)

39

(31, 48)

31

(24, 41)

40

(32, 49)

 < 0.001

SOFA

(n = 926)

5

(3, 10)

3

(2, 5)

5

(3, 10)

 < 0.001

Lymphocytopenia (< 1000/µL)

(n = 813)

518 (63.7%)

85 (72.6%)

433 (62.2%)

0.030

Ferritin (µg/L)

(n = 636)

1226

(617, 1942)

1390

(612, 2486)

1200

(617, 1916)

0.299

CRP (mg/L)

(n = 1066)

132.5

(74.2, 209.8)

97.1

(54.5, 190.0)

138.3

(79.1, 213.1)

 < 0.001

D-dimers (ng/mL)

(n = 783)

1160

(573, 2344)

750

(290, 1623)

1246

(600, 2520)

 < 0.001

PaO2/FiO2

(n = 970)

89

(68, 127)

114

(75, 160)

88

(67, 124)

 < 0.001

HFO

(n = 923)

512 (55.5%)

55 (50.5%)

457 (56.1%)

0.262

NIV

(n = 952)

91 (9.6%)

7 (5.1%)

84 (10.3%)

0.436

IMV

(n = 962)

351 (36.5%)

16 (14.7%)

335 (39.3%)

 < 0.001

Prone

(n = 847)

63 (7.4%)

6 (5.7%)

57 (7.7%)

0.472

VV-ECMO

(n = 838)

32 (3.8%)

0 (0%)

32 (4.4%)

0.025

Vasoactive drugs

(n = 1286)

387 (30.1%)

32 (16.8%)

355 (32.4%)

 < 0.001

MAP (mmHg) (lowest)

(n = 971)

71 (61, 86)

75 (65, 87)

71 (61, 86)

0.175

Severity of illness @ first day of AKI

AKI stage

 

Stage 1

472 (45.1%)

Stage 2

522 (49.9%)

Stage 3

52 (5.0%)

SOFA score (n = 353)

9 (5, 11)

PaO2/FiO2 (n = 1044)

98 (69, 137)

HFO (n = 573)

290 (50.6%)

NIV (n = 659)

49 (7.4%)

IMV (n = 836)

400 (47.8%)

VV-ECMO (n = 608)

42 (6.9%)

Prone position (n = 638)

118 (18.5%; 29.2% of patients on IMV)

Vasoactive drugs (n = 503)

322 (64.0%)

MAP (mmHg) (lowest) (n = 854)

64 (55, 76)

Lymphocytopenia (< 1000/µL) (n = 781)

658 (84.3%)

Ferritin (µg/L) (n = 713)

1043 (414, 1700)

CRP (mg/L) (n = 1060)

123 (63, 210)

D-dimers (n = 709)

950 (340, 2121)

(c) Treatment during ICU admission

Corticosteroids

(n = 1043)

780 (74.8%)

96 (63.6%)

684 (76.7%)

 < 0.001

Hydroxychloroquine

(n = 1285)

333 (25.9%)

40 (20.9%)

293 (26.8%)

0.089

Remdesivir

(n = 1285)

193 (15.0%)

39 (20.4%)

154 (14.1%)

0.024

Anti-IL1 or anti-IL6

(n = 1286)

54 (4.2%)

5 (2.6%)

49 (4.5%)

0.238

Convalescent COVID-19 plasma

(n = 1214)

15 (1.2%)

2 (1.1%)

13 (1.3%)

1.000

NSAIDs

(n = 1285)

48 (3.7%)

5 (2.6%)

43 (3.9%)

0.377

Aminoglycoside

(n = 1041)

83 (8.0%)

3 (2.0%)

80 (9.0%)

0.003

Vancomycin

(n = 1285)

215 (16.7%)

5 (2.6%)

210 (19.2%)

 < 0.001

Vasoactive drugs

(n = 1286)

648 (50.4%)

37 (19.4%)

611 (55.8%)

 < 0.001

IMV

(n = 870)

560 (64.4%)

18 (23.1%)

542 (68.4%)

 < 0.001

  1. AKI acute kidney injury, M male, F female, y years, sCr serum creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, COVID coronavirus disease, ICU intensive care unit, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CRP C-reactive protein, PaO2 arterial oxygen pressure, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, HFO high-flow oxygen, NIV noninvasive ventilation, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, vv-ECMO veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, MAP mean arterial pressure, IL interleukin, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  2. Continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile ranges; categorical variables are reported as absolute numbers and frequencies