Table 5 Univariate analysis—potential predictors for moral distress

Sex

282

 Female versus Male

1.000 (0.606–1.650)

Profession of HCPs

282

 Nurse versus Physician

1.005 (0.624–1.618)

Age

282

0.998 (0.975–1.021)

ICU experience

274

0.989 (0.965–1.014)

Number of patients per HCP

270

1.072 (0.971–1.184)

Type of hospital

268

 Secondary hospital

Ref

 Primary hospital

1.789 (0.848–3.773)

 University (tertiary) hospital

1.456 (0.853–2.485)

Form of EOLD communication with patient’s family

280

 Family meeting

Ref

 Telephone call

1.377 (0.817–2.323)

 Videocall

0.953 (0.224–4.067)

 Meeting with patient’s family was not performed

2.860 (0.723–11.312)

Involvement of the patient's family regarding EOLD

281

 Family/relatives were included in process, i.e. shared decisions

Ref

 Family/relatives were fully responsible for the decision

2.308 (0.421–12.648)

 Family/relatives were just informed about the decision;

 Patient was in comfort care despite family's disagreement

1.762 (0.747–4.159)

 Family/relatives were just informed about the decision;

 Patient was in comfort care if family/relatives did not disagree with the decision

1.175 (0.661–2.087)

 Family/relatives were not informed about decision

7.385 (0.880–61.994)

 Cannot answer as I was not involved in the decision process

1.108 (0.487–2.519)

Inappropriate care of patient, Yes versus No

280

1.804 (1.082–3.008)

Opinion about inappropriate care of patient respected, Yes versus No

165

0.511 (0.261–1.001)

Therapy goals were always clearly explained and defined, Yes versus No

281

0.297 (0.160–0.551)

Agreement with statement that the deaths of COVID-19 patients were dignified, Yes versus No

277

0.203 (0.114–0.359)

Resource scarcity situation experience, Yes versus No

115

1.735 (0.807–3.732)