Fig. 3
From: Gasdermin-D activation by SARS-CoV-2 triggers NET and mediate COVID-19 immunopathology
The GSDMD-dependent NETosis is triggered by SARS-CoV-2 directly. Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy control (n = 7). Cells were treated with a neutralizing anti-hACE2 antibody (αACE2, 0.5 µg/ml), an inhibitor of the serine protease TMPRSS2 (camostat, 10 µM), or an antiretroviral that reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication through the inhibition of RNA polymerase—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF; 10 µM). After 1 h, the cells were incubated with SARS-CoV-2, or virus control (inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or Mock) and cultured for 4 h at 37 °C. A Representative immunostaining images for DNA (DAPI, blue), myeloperoxidase (MPO, green), and the GSDMD cleaved fraction (GSDMD-NT, red) are shown. The scale bar indicates 50 μm at 630 × magnification. 4× digital zoom was performed in the inset white square. B GSDMD-NT expression was quantified by MFI per field. C The concentrations of MPO/DNA-NETs in the supernatants were determined using the picogreen test. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (*or # p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test in B and C)