Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study cohort
From: Key characteristics impacting survival of COVID-19 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
n | Level | Overall—n (%) | Survivor—n (%) | Non-survivor—n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
673 (100) | 211 (31.4) | 462 (68.6) | |||
(1) Demographics, Risk factors, comorbidities | |||||
Date of hospital admission | 04/2020–06/2020 | 186 (27.6) | 75 (35.5) | 111 (24.0) | 0.0019 |
07/2020–03/2021 | 487 (72.4) | 136 (64.5) | 351 (76.0) | ||
Age [years] | 19–40 | 50 (7.4) | 29 (13.7) | 21 (4.6) | < 0.0001 |
41–70 | 578 (85.9) | 178 (84.4) | 400 (86.6) | ||
> 70 | 42 (6.2) | 4 (1.9) | 38 (8.2) | ||
Missing | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.7) | ||
Sex | m | 535 (79.5) | 161 (76.3) | 374 (81,095) | 0.3661 |
w | 131 (19.5) | 48 (22.8) | 83 (18.0) | ||
Missing | 7 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 5 (1.1) | ||
BMI [kg/m2] | < 25 | 81 (12.0) | 21 (10.0) | 60 (13.0) | 0.0414 |
25–30 | 263 (39.1) | 83 (39.3) | 180 (39.0) | ||
30–35 | 147 (21.8) | 43 (20.4) | 104 (22.5) | ||
≥ 35 | 157 (23.3) | 61 (28.9) | 96 (20.8) | ||
Missing | 25 (3.7) | 3 (1.4) | 22 (4.8) | ||
Cardiovascular disease | No | 226 (33.6) | 82 (38.9) | 144 (31.2) | 0.1323 |
Yes | 416 (61.8) | 119 (56.4) | 297 (64.3) | ||
Missing | 31 (4.6) | 10 (4.7) | 21 (4.6) | ||
Chronic pulmonary disease | No | 564 (83.8) | 179 (84.8) | 385 (83.3) | 0.8043 |
Yes | 103 (15.3) | 31 (14.7) | 72 (15.6) | ||
Missing | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (1.1) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 483 (71.8) | 153 (72.5) | 330 (71.4) | 0.9401 |
Yes | 186 (27.6) | 57 (27.0) | 129 (27.9) | ||
Missing | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | ||
Moderate to severe kidney disease | No | 619 (92.0) | 192 (91.0) | 427 (92.4) | 0.6161 |
Yes | 49 (7.3) | 18 (8.5) | 31 (6.7) | ||
Missing | 5 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.9) | ||
Immunosuppression within 6 months prior to admission | No | 523 (77.7) | 158 (74.9) | 365 (79.0) | 0.0334 |
Yes | 39 (5.8) | 8 (3.8) | 31 (6.7) | ||
Unknown | 111 (16.5) | 45 (21.3) | 66 (14.3) | ||
(2) Severity of disease, laboratory parameters (day 1) | |||||
EOLIA criteria | Met | 284 (42.2) | 108 (51.2) | 176 (38.1) | 0.0014 |
Not met | 389 (57.8) | 103 (48.8) | 286 (61.9) | ||
Indication of ECMO | Hypoxemia | 419 (62.3) | 126 (59.7) | 293 (63.4) | 0.5229 |
Hypercapnia | 141 (21.0) | 43 (20.4) | 98 (21.2) | ||
Lung protective ventilation | 48 (7.1) | 16 (7.6) | 32 (6.9) | ||
Right heart failure | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | ||
Left heart failure | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.6) | ||
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 6 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.3) | ||
Pulmonary embolism | 3 (0.4) | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Other | 9 (1.3) | 5 (2.4) | 4 (0.9) | ||
Intubation prior to ECMO [days] | < 5 | 275 (40.9) | 102 (48.3) | 173 (37.4) | 0.0004 |
5–7 | 102 (15.2) | 20 (9.5) | 82 (17.7) | ||
≥ 8 | 179 (26.6) | 44 (20.9) | 135 (29.2) | ||
No prior intubation | 75 (11.1) | 33 (15.6) | 42 (9.1) | ||
Missing | 42 (6.2) | 12 (5.7) | 30 (6.5) | ||
Creatinine [mg/dl] | ≤ 1.17 | 313 (46.5) | 99 (46.9) | 214 (46.3) | 0.8757 |
> 1.17 | 304 (45.2) | 93 (44.1) | 211 (45.7) | ||
Missing | 56 (8.3) | 19 (9.00) | 37 (8.0) | ||
Mode of ventilation | Spontaneous | 18 (2.67) | 9 (4.27) | 9 (1.95) | 0.3042 |
Assisted | 71 (10.55) | 19 (9.00) | 52 (11.26) | ||
Controlled | 544 (80.83) | 170 (80.57) | 374 (80.95) | ||
Missing | 40 (5.94) | 13 (6.16) | 27 (5.84) | ||
Lung compliance [ml/cm H2O] | 25.5 [18.1, 34.2] | 26.0 [17.6, 35.7] | 25.4 [18.4, 33.9] | 0.7168 | |
(3) ECMO and adjunct therapy | |||||
Mode of ECMO | VV | 651 (96.7) | 205 (97.2) | 446 (96.5) | 0.5104 |
VA | 12 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 10 (2.2) | ||
VVA | 10 (1.5) | 4 (1.9) | 6 (1.3) | ||
Cannula | Single lumen | 544 (80.8) | 153 (72.5) | 391 (84.6) | 0.0028 |
Double lumen | 52 (7.7) | 22 (10.4) | 30 (6.5) | ||
Unknown | 70 (10.4) | 33 (15.6) | 37 (8.0) | ||
Missing | 7 (1.0) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (0.9) | ||
Case volume ECMO center [n/year] | Low (< 20) | 96 (14.3) | 19 (9.0) | 77 (16.7) | 0.0024 |
Intermediate (20–49) | 329 (48.9) | 97 (46.0) | 232 (50.2) | ||
High (≥ 50) | 248 (36.9) | 95 (45.0) | 153 (33.1) | ||
Duration of ECMO support [h] | 312.5 [144.0, 528.0] | 336.0 [178.2, 560.8] | 300.0 [120.0, 502.5] | 0.0046 | |
Prone positioning | No | 240 (35.7) | 64 (30.3) | 176 (38.1) | 0.1314 |
Yes | 333 (49.5) | 111 (52.6) | 222 (48.1) | ||
Missing | 100 (14.9) | 36 (17.1) | 64 (13.9) | ||
Therapeutic Anticoagulation | No | 53 (7.9) | 22 (10.4) | 31 (6.7) | 0.0968 |
Yes | 620 (92.1) | 189 (89.6) | 431 (93.3) | ||
(4) Complications during ECMO | |||||
Major bleeding or thromboembolic event | No | 231 (34.3) | 97 (46.0) | 134 (29.0) | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 442 (65.7) | 114 (54.0) | 328 (71.0) | ||
Secondary bacterial infection (respiratory tract or bloodstream) | No | 239 (35.5) | 81 (38.4) | 158 (34.2) | 0.2921 |
Yes | 434 (64.5) | 130 (61.6) | 304 (65.8) | ||
Renal replacement therapy | No | 282 (41.9) | 123 (58.3) | 159 (34.4) | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 391 (58.1) | 88 (41.7) | 303 (65.6) | ||