Table 2 Vasopressor and inotropic therapies
All (n = 626) | Early EN (Within 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 526) | Delayed EN (> 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 100) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (h) from ICU admission to start vasopressors mean ± SD; median [range] | (626) 20.3 ± 49.5 2.5 [0.0–478.0] | (526) 17.1 ± 43.1 2.3 [0.0–387.3] | (100) 37.0 ± 72.9 5.8 [0.0–478.0] | 0.002 |
Total Duration (days) of vasopressors mean ± SD; median [range] | 5.7 ± 3.6 4 [1.0–12.0] | 5.4 ± 3.6 4 [1.0–12.0] | 6.8 ± 3.8 6 [1.0–12.0] | 0.0006 |
First 48 h of treatment period | ||||
Dopamine, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (12) 9.3 ± 5.0 7.6 [2.8–18.3] | (10) 8.7 ± 4.4 7.6 [2.8–18.3] | (2) 12.0 ± 9.0 12 [5.7–18.3] | 0.75 |
Dobutamine, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (44) 4.6 ± 3.2 4.4 [0.2–17.4] | (38) 4.6 ± 3.2 4.5 [0.2–17.4] | (6) 5.0 ± 3.8 4.2 [2.3–12.5] | 0.69 |
Norepinephrine µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (621) 0.3 ± 0.6 0.2 [0.0–9.3] | (523) 0.3 ± 0.5 0.2 [0.0–5.2] | (98) 0.3 ± 0.9 0.1 [0.0–9.3] | 0.32 |
Epinephrine, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (34) 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 [0.0–1.0] | (24) 0.2 ± 0.3 0.1 [0.0–1.0] | (10) 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 [0.0–0.4] | 0.81 |
Phenylephrine, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (6) 3.9 ± 3.8 2.2 [0.9–10.5] | (5) 4.5 ± 4.0 3.1 [1.2–10.5] | (1) 0.9 ± .und 0.9 [0.9–0.9] | 0.24 |
Vasopressin, units/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (159) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 [0.0–0.1] | (139) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 [0.0–0.1] | (20) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 [0.0–0.1] | 0.68 |
Milrinone, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (9) 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 [0.1–0.3] | (8) 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 [0.1–0.3] | (1) 0.3 ± .und 0.3 [0.3–0.3] | 0.70 |
Levosimendan, µg/kg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (9) 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 [0.1–0.2] | (7) 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 [0.1–0.2] | (2) 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 [0.1–0.1] | 0.36 |
Vasopressor’s dose at start of EN (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (524) 0.3 ± 0.6 0.2 [0.0–10.0] | (444) 0.3 ± 0.5 0.2 [0.0–6.0] | (80) 0.3 ± 1.1 0.1 [0.0–10.0] | 0.07 |
Norepinephrine-equivalent dose μg/min (n); mean ± SD; median [range] | (621) 0.3 ± 0.6 0.2 [0.0–9.3] | (523) 0.3 ± 0.5 0.2 [0.0–5.2] | (98) 0.3 ± 0.9 0.1 [0.0–9.3] | 0.32 |
Proportion of patients with 2 or more vasopressors n (%) | 0.18 | |||
1 | 564 (90.1%) | 475 (90.3%) | 89 (89.0%) | |
> 2 | 58 (9.3%) | 49 (9.3%) | 9 (9.0%) | |