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Table 2 Sedation variables in the intensive care unit during the first 48 h of admission, according to sedation depth

From: A dual-center cohort study on the association between early deep sedation and clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: The COVID-SED study

Early sedation depth status

 

Light sedation

(n = 108)

Deep sedation

(n = 283)

p

Sedative drug

   

Propofol

   

 n (%)

85 (78.7)

222 (78.4)

0.96

 Cumulative dose (mg)

1526 (600–4914)

4047 (1507–8109)

 < 0.01

Midazolam

   

 n (%)

35 (32.4)

115 (40.6)

0.14

 Cumulative dose (mg)

12.0 (3.0–54.0)

19.0 (5.0–152.0)

0.09

Dexmedetomidine

   

 n (%)

50 (46.3)

93 (32.9)

0.01

 Cumulative dose (mcg/kg)

4.6 (2.0–9.5)

7.0 (2.1–17.8)

0.08

Lorazepam

   

 n (%)

11 (10.2)

27 (9.5)

0.85

 Cumulative dose (mg)

3.0 (1.0–12.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

0.32

Ketamine

   

 n (%)

10 (9.3)

38 (13.4)

0.26

 Cumulative dose (mg)

87.5 (50.0–250.0)

675.0 (187.5–2050.0)

 < 0.01

Haloperidol

   

 n (%)

9 (8.3)

13 (4.6)

0.15

 Cumulative dose (mg)

5.0 (5.0–10.0)

5.0 (5.0–10.0)

0.95

Quetiapine

   

 n (%)

4 (3.7)

12 (4.2)

0.81

 Cumulative dose (mg)

37.5 (25.0–237.5)

200.0 (31.3–287.5)

0.91

Gabapentin

   

 n (%)

11 (10.2)

11 (3.9)

0.02

 Cumulative dose (mg)

600.0 (300.0–2100.0)

1200 (300–2100)

0.33

Analgesic drug

Fentanyl

   

 n (%)

92 (85.2)

240 (84.8)

0.93

 Cumulative dose (mcg)

3175 (1206–6330)

3950 (1600–6950)

0.09

Hydromorphone

   

 n (%)

12 (11.1)

49 (17.3)

0.13

 Cumulative dose (mg)

2.5 (1.0–17.8)

9.0 (3.0–69.0)

0.04

Oxycodone

   

 n (%)

18 (16.7)

28 (9.9)

0.06

 Cumulative dose (mg)

17.5 (10.0–32.5)

20.0 (10.0–40.0)

0.96

Morphine

   

 n (%)

1 (0.9)

7 (2.5)

0.33

 Cumulative dose (mg)

2.0 (NA)

6.5 (2.0–12.8)

0.57

Neuromuscular blocker, n (%)

4 (2.1)

84 (41.4)

 < 0.01

RASS level ICU day 1

 − 1 (− 2 to − 0)

 − 3 (− 4 to − 2)

 < 0.01

SAS level ICU day 1

4 (4–4)

3 (2–4)

 < 0.01

RASS level ICU day 2

 − 1 (− 2 to 0)

 − 3 (− 5 to − 2)

 < 0.01

SAS level ICU day 2

4 (4–4)

3 (3–4)

 < 0.01

RASS level ICU days 3–7

 − 1 (− 2 to 0)

 − 3 (− 4 to − 1)

 < 0.01

SAS level ICU days 3–7

4 (4–4)

3 (3–4)

 < 0.01

Deep sedation ICU days 3–7, n (%)*

14 (18.4)

128 (53.8)

 < 0.01

Deep sedation until death, n (%)

0 (0.0)

94 (33.2)

 < 0.01

  1. ICU, intensive care unit; RASS, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale
  2. *Denominator is 314 (238 deep sedation group and 76 light sedation group)