Early sedation depth status | |||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | Light sedation | Deep sedation | P value |
(n = 108) | (n = 283) | ||
Age (yr) | 55.2 (19.4) | 56.4 (16.6) | 0.53 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â |
 Male, n (%) | 65 (60.2) | 169 (59.7) | 0.93 |
 Female, n (%) | 43 (39.8) | 114 (40.3) |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.5 (8.6) | 30.0 (9.6) | 0.61 |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 White | 42 (38.9) | 138 (48.8) | 0.48 |
 Black | 58 (53.7) | 120 (42.4) | |
 Hispanic | 3 (2.8) | 10 (3.5) | |
 Asian | 1 (0.9) | 4 (1.4) | |
 Native American | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | |
 Other | 4 (3.7) | 10 (3.5) | |
Comorbidities, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Dementia | 8 (7.4) | 28 (9.9) | 0.45 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 30 (27.8) | 106 (37.5) | 0.07 |
 Cirrhosis | 6 (5.6) | 13 (4.6) | 0.69 |
 CHF | 15 (13.9) | 51 (18.0) | 0.33 |
 ESRD/Dialysis | 9 (8.3) | 20 (7.1) | 0.67 |
 COPD | 18 (16.7) | 52 (18.4) | 0.69 |
 Immunosuppression | 4 (3.7) | 18 (6.4) | 0.31 |
 Malignancy | 11 (10.2) | 36 (12.7) | 0.49 |
 Alcohol abuse | 16 (14.8) | 27 (9.5) | 0.14 |
 Psychiatric* | 37 (34.3) | 83 (29.3) | 0.35 |
Positive for COVID-19 | 44 (40.7) | 159 (56.2) | 0.01 |
Temperature (Celsius) | 36.9 (1.3) | 37.0 (1.4) | 0.31 |
 Blood pressure (mmHg) |  |  |  |
 Systolic | 132.7 (34.4) | 128.0 (29.8) | 0.19 |
 Diastolic | 82.0 (24.2) | 79.5 (21.6) | 0.33 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | 0.61 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.8–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–2.3) | 0.1 |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.4 (2.5) | 12.4 (2.5) | 0.85 |
pH | 7.30 (0.12) | 7.30 (0.12) | 0.95 |
PaO2 | 137.0 (70.9) | 121.0 (76.9) | 0.23 |
PaO2:FiO2 | 241.3 (161.0) | 184.8 (148.3) | 0.04 |
PaCO2 | 49.4 (16.9) | 48.7 (19.9) | 0.77 |
SOFA** (illness severity) | 4.5 (2.6) | 5.3 (2.5) | 0.01 |
Reason for mechanical ventilation, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Sepsis | 14 (13.0) | 44 (15.5) | 0.01 |
 Trauma | 18 (16.7) | 23 (8.1) |  |
 COPD | 17 (15.7) | 48 (17.0) |  |
 Drug overdose | 12 (11.1) | 12 (4.2) |  |
 CHF/pulmonary edema | 10 (9.3) | 22 (7.8) |  |
 Other | 13 (12.0) | 76 (26.9) |  |
 Cardiac arrest | 4 (3.7) | 10 (3.5) |  |
 Altered mental status | 10 (9.3) | 21 (7.4) |  |
 Angioedema | 1 (0.9) | 5 (1.8) |  |
 Neuromuscular weakness | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Airway protection | 8 (7.4) | 22 (7.8) |  |
Tidal volume (mL/kg PBW) | 6.6 (6.1–7.3) | 6.5 (6.0–7.3) | 0.24 |
PEEP (cm H2O) | 6.5 (5.0–10.0) | 8.0 (5.0–12.0) |  < 0.01 |
Fraction of inspired oxygen (%) | 64.8 (25.9) | 74.9 (26.2) |  < 0.01 |
Process of care variables | Â | Â | Â |
ED length of stay (h) | 5.9 (3.8–8.3) | 4.0 (2.5–6.1) |  < 0.01 |
Antibiotics for infection, n (%) | 50 (47.6) | 119 (44.2) | 0.56 |
Vasopressor infusion, n (%) | 26 (24.3) | 72 (25.9) | 0.75 |