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Table 1 Characteristics of mechanically ventilated patients based on early sedation depth status

From: A dual-center cohort study on the association between early deep sedation and clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: The COVID-SED study

Early sedation depth status

Baseline characteristics

Light sedation

Deep sedation

P value

(n = 108)

(n = 283)

Age (yr)

55.2 (19.4)

56.4 (16.6)

0.53

Gender

   

 Male, n (%)

65 (60.2)

169 (59.7)

0.93

 Female, n (%)

43 (39.8)

114 (40.3)

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

29.5 (8.6)

30.0 (9.6)

0.61

Race, n (%)

   

 White

42 (38.9)

138 (48.8)

0.48

 Black

58 (53.7)

120 (42.4)

 Hispanic

3 (2.8)

10 (3.5)

 Asian

1 (0.9)

4 (1.4)

 Native American

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

 Other

4 (3.7)

10 (3.5)

Comorbidities, n (%)

   

 Dementia

8 (7.4)

28 (9.9)

0.45

 Diabetes mellitus

30 (27.8)

106 (37.5)

0.07

 Cirrhosis

6 (5.6)

13 (4.6)

0.69

 CHF

15 (13.9)

51 (18.0)

0.33

 ESRD/Dialysis

9 (8.3)

20 (7.1)

0.67

 COPD

18 (16.7)

52 (18.4)

0.69

 Immunosuppression

4 (3.7)

18 (6.4)

0.31

 Malignancy

11 (10.2)

36 (12.7)

0.49

 Alcohol abuse

16 (14.8)

27 (9.5)

0.14

 Psychiatric*

37 (34.3)

83 (29.3)

0.35

Positive for COVID-19

44 (40.7)

159 (56.2)

0.01

Temperature (Celsius)

36.9 (1.3)

37.0 (1.4)

0.31

 Blood pressure (mmHg)

   

 Systolic

132.7 (34.4)

128.0 (29.8)

0.19

 Diastolic

82.0 (24.2)

79.5 (21.6)

0.33

Lactate (mmol/L)

2.0 (1.3–3.1)

2.1 (1.3–3.4)

0.61

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.1 (0.8–1.8)

1.2 (0.9–2.3)

0.1

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.4 (2.5)

12.4 (2.5)

0.85

pH

7.30 (0.12)

7.30 (0.12)

0.95

PaO2

137.0 (70.9)

121.0 (76.9)

0.23

PaO2:FiO2

241.3 (161.0)

184.8 (148.3)

0.04

PaCO2

49.4 (16.9)

48.7 (19.9)

0.77

SOFA** (illness severity)

4.5 (2.6)

5.3 (2.5)

0.01

Reason for mechanical ventilation, n (%)

   

 Sepsis

14 (13.0)

44 (15.5)

0.01

 Trauma

18 (16.7)

23 (8.1)

 

 COPD

17 (15.7)

48 (17.0)

 

 Drug overdose

12 (11.1)

12 (4.2)

 

 CHF/pulmonary edema

10 (9.3)

22 (7.8)

 

 Other

13 (12.0)

76 (26.9)

 

 Cardiac arrest

4 (3.7)

10 (3.5)

 

 Altered mental status

10 (9.3)

21 (7.4)

 

 Angioedema

1 (0.9)

5 (1.8)

 

 Neuromuscular weakness

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

 

 Airway protection

8 (7.4)

22 (7.8)

 

Tidal volume (mL/kg PBW)

6.6 (6.1–7.3)

6.5 (6.0–7.3)

0.24

PEEP (cm H2O)

6.5 (5.0–10.0)

8.0 (5.0–12.0)

 < 0.01

Fraction of inspired oxygen (%)

64.8 (25.9)

74.9 (26.2)

 < 0.01

Process of care variables

   

ED length of stay (h)

5.9 (3.8–8.3)

4.0 (2.5–6.1)

 < 0.01

Antibiotics for infection, n (%)

50 (47.6)

119 (44.2)

0.56

Vasopressor infusion, n (%)

26 (24.3)

72 (25.9)

0.75

  1. CHF, congestive heart failure; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment score; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; ED, emergency department
  2. Continuous variables are reported as mean (standard deviation) and median (interquartile range)
  3. *Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, anxiety
  4. **Modified score, which excludes Glasgow Coma Scale