Skip to main content

Table 3 Physical outcomes at 4-year follow-up of former PEPaNIC patients who had been randomized to early-PN or late-PN

From: Impact of critical illness and withholding of early parenteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit on long-term physical performance of children: a 4-year follow-up of the PEPaNIC randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Early-PN (n = 253)

Late-PN (n = 268)

p

Multivariable pc

Handgrip strength force (% of predicted)

    

Dominant hand

95.0 (77.4–111.7)

93.6 (77.8–120.3)

0.49

0.27

Non-dominant hand

90.4 (74.5–109.8)

94.4 (73.2–112.9)

0.68

0.59

Timed up-and-go test (s)

5.5 (4.8–6.2)

5.6 (4.9–6.5)

0.27

0.17

6-min walk test

    

 Distance walked (m)

480 (420–588)

491 (421–582)

0.99

0.67

 Heart rate

    

  Before the test

91 (76–104)

84 (74–101)

0.30

 

  After the test

117 (102–133)

122 (103–138)

0.33

 

  Difference before and after the test

26 (13–38)

33 (17–48)

0.12

0.14

 Peripheral O2 saturation

    

  Before the test

99 (96–100)

99 (98–100)

0.11

 

  After the test

98 (96–99)

98 (97–99)

0.87

 

  Difference before and after the test

0 (− 2 to 1)

− 1 (− 2 to 0)

0.20

0.11

  3% or more reduced after the test

11 (15.5%)

12 (15.8%)

0.96

0.63

ActiGrapha

    

 Daily time monitored (h)

12.0 (11.4–12.7)

11.9 (11.3–12.7)

0.79

0.86

 Total energy expenditure

    

  kcal/kg/day

113.3 (91.4–172.8)

100.9 (85.1–146.3)

0.07

0.30

  kcal/kg/hour monitored

9.7 (7.3–13.8)

8.7 (7.0–12.2)

0.10

0.29

 Physical activity energy expenditure

    

  Metabolic equivalent of task (MET)

2.2 (1.8–2.6)

1.9 (1.5–2.3)

0.04

0.16

 Daily time spent in a type of activity, %b

    

  Sedentary

47.4 (41.0–53.1)

47.1 (42.3–52.5)

0.53

0.25

  Light activity

45.6 (20.8–51.9)

47.3 (34.0–53.3)

0.20

0.24

  Moderate activity

7.2 (4.4–22.3)

5.5 (3.7–16.7)

0.04

0.13

  Vigorous activity

1.2 (0.5–2.2)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)

0.01

0.17

  Very vigorous activity

0.1 (0.0–0.8)

0.1 (0.0–0.5)

0.08

0.07

  Moderate to vigorous activity

10.0 (5.8–26.0)

6.5 (4.4–19.3)

0.02

0.09

 Number of Freedson bouts

1.0 (0.3–1.7)

0.6 (0.2–1.1)

0.001

0.28

 Number of sedentary bouts

6.0 (4.2–9.0)

6.0 (4.7–8.8)

0.57

0.32

 Number of steps walked

    

  Steps/day

9079 (7442–10,831)

8666 (6851–10,060)

0.07

0.38

  Steps/day/hour monitored

766 (618–898)

727 (581–834)

0.09

0.43

  1. Data are expressed as median and interquartile range or number and percentage
  2. PeLOD pediatric logistic organ dysfunction score, PICU pediatric intensive care unit, PIM3 pediatric index of mortality 3 score, STRONGkids Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth
  3. aData averaged over the registered days
  4. bExpressed as the percentage of worn/monitored time
  5. cAdjusted for age, treatment center, sex, race, geographic origin, language, hand preference, history of malignancy, a predefined syndrome, the educational and occupational status of the parents and caregivers, admission diagnosis, severity of illness upon PICU admission (PIM3 and PeLOD scores), risk of malnutrition (STRONGkids score), and parental smoking behavior before PICU admission