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Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

From: Impact of critical illness and withholding of early parenteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit on long-term physical performance of children: a 4-year follow-up of the PEPaNIC randomized controlled trial

Characteristic

Healthy children (n = 346)

Patients (n = 521)

p

Early-PN (n = 253)

Late-PN (n = 268)

Demographics and anthropometrics

 Age at 4-year follow-up (year), median (IQR)

5.4 (4.4–8.9)

5.1 (4.5–8.5)

0.95

5.1 (4.4–8.4)

5.1 (4.5–8.5)

 Male sex, no (%)

184 (53.2)

301 (57.8)

0.18

144 (56.9)

157 (58.6)

 Known non-European origin, no (%)a

40 (11.6)

78 (15.0)

0.14

44 (17.4)

34 (12.7)

 Known non-Caucasian race, no (%)a

24 (6.9)

36 (6.9)

0.98

24 (9.5)

12 (4.5)

 Known not exclusive Dutch or English language, no (%)

66 (19.1)

110 (21.1)

0.46

51 (20.2)

59 (22.0)

 Parental educational level, no (%)b

  

< 0.001

  

  Educational level 1

11 (3.2)

22 (4.2)

 

8 (3.2)

14 (5.2)

  Educational level 1.5

11 (3.2)

44 (8.5)

 

27 (10.7)

17 (6.3)

  Educational level 2

45 (13.0)

134 (25.7)

 

66 (26.1)

68 (25.4)

  Educational level 2.5

64 (18.5)

96 (18.4)

 

46 (18.2)

50 (18.7)

  Educational level 3

197 (56.9)

147 (28.2)

 

73 (28.9)

74 (27.6)

  Educational level unknown

18 (5.2)

78 (15.0)

 

33 (13.0)

45 (16.8)

 Parental occupational level, no (%)c

  

< 0.001

  

  Occupational level 1

2 (0.6)

4 (0.8)

 

0 (0.0)

4 (1.5)

  Occupational level 1.5

19 (5.5)

49 (9.4)

 

19 (7.5)

30 (11.2)

  Occupational level 2

40 (11.6)

92 (17.7)

 

41 (16.2)

51 (19.0)

  Occupational level 2.5

24 (6.9)

49 (9.4)

 

31 (12.3)

18 (6.7)

  Occupational level 3

75 (21.7)

101 (19.4)

 

48 (19.0)

53 (19.8)

  Occupational level 3.5

36 (10.4)

37 (7.1)

 

23 (9.1)

14 (5.2)

  Occupational level 4

110 (31.8)

83 (15.9)

 

36 (14.2)

47 (17.5)

  Occupational level unknown

40 (11.6)

106 (20.4)

 

55 (21.7)

51 (19.0)

 Height Z-score at 4-year follow-up (year), median (IQR)

0.37 (− 0.22 to 1.00)

0.17 (− 0.69 to 0.86)

< 0.001

0.27 (− 0.51 to 0.84)

0.12 (− 0.81 to 0.89)

 Weight Z-score at 4-year follow-up (year), median (IQR)

0.25 (− 0.23 to 0.88)

0.21 (− 0.54 to 0.86)

0.05

0.20 (− 0.49 to 0.85)

0.24 (− 0.58 to 0.87)

 BMI Z-score at 4-year follow-up (year), median (IQR)

0.10 (− 0.56 to 0.69)

0.21 (− 0.48 to 0.95)

0.11

0.16 (− 0.46 to 0.82)

0.21 (− 0.48 to 1.06)

Patient characteristics upon PICU admission

 STRONGkids risk level, no (%)d

     

  Medium

NA

472 (90.6)

 

28 (11.1)

21 (7.8)

  High

NA

49 (9.4)

 

225 (88.9)

247 (92.2)

 PeLOD score first 24 h in PICU, median (IQR)e

NA

21 (12–32)

 

21 (12–31)

22 (12–32)

 PIM3 score, median (IQR)f

NA

− 3.8 (− 4.4 to − 2.7)

 

− 3.9 (− 4.5 to − 2.7)

− 3.7 (−4.4 to − 2.8)

 PIM3 probability of death (%), median (IQR)g

NA

2.2 (1.2–6.1)

 

2.0 (1.1–6.3)

2.3 (1.2–5.7)

 Diagnostic category, no (%)

     

  Surgery

     

   Abdominal

NA

42 (8.1)

 

23 (9.1)

19 (7.1)

   Burns

NA

3 (0.6)

 

2 (0.8)

1 (0.4)

   Cardiac

NA

250 (48.0)

 

117 (46.3)

133 (49.6)

   Neurosurgery—traumatic brain injury

NA

41 (7.9)

 

20 (7.9)

21 (7.8)

   Thoracic

NA

30 (5.8)

 

16 (6.3)

14 (5.2)

   Transplantation

NA

7 (1.3)

 

3 (1.2)

4 (1.5)

   Orthopedic surgery—trauma

NA

13 (2.5)

 

8 (3.2)

5 (1.9)

   Other

NA

20 (3.8)

 

9 (3.6)

11 (4.1)

  Medical

     

   Cardiac

NA

16 (3.1)

 

8 (3.2)

8 (3.0)

   Gastrointestinal–hepatic

NA

1 (0.2)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

   Oncologic–hematologic

NA

6 (1.2)

 

2 (0.8)

4 (1.5)

   Neurologic

NA

26 (5.0)

 

11 (4.4)

15 (5.6)

   Renal

NA

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

   Respiratory

NA

43 (8.3)

 

22 (8.7)

21 (7.8)

   Other

NA

23 (4.4)

 

12 (4.7)

11 (4.1)

 History of malignancy, no (%)

0 (0.0)

24 (4.6)

< 0.001

11 (4.4)

13 (4.9)

 History of diabetes, no (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

> 0.99

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Syndrome, no (%)h

2 (0.6)

39 (7.5)

< 0.001

15 (5.9)

24 (9.0)

 Known parental smoking between birth and PICU admission, no (%)

NA

136 (26.1)

 

64 (25.3)

72 (26.9)

  1. Characteristics of former PICU patients and healthy children were comparable, except that the patients’ parental educational and occupational level was lower, and patients suffered more from a history of malignancy or a “syndrome,” as compared with the group of healthy children. Former PICU patients of the early-PN and late-PN group overall had comparable characteristics
  2. NA not applicable, PeLOD pediatric logistic organ dysfunction score, PICU pediatric intensive care unit, PIM3 pediatric index of mortality 3 score, STRONGkids Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth
  3. aParticipants were classified according to race and geographical origin by the investigators. These classifications were done to capture the ethnical and regional differences in the frequency of consanguinity, which might adversely affect cognitive performance
  4. bThe education level is the average of the paternal and maternal educational level and calculated based on the 3-point scale subdivisions as made by the Algemene Directie Statistiek (Belgium) and the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Netherlands). Low (1), middle (2), and high (3) educational level (Additional file 1: Methods S2)
  5. cThe occupation level is the average of the paternal and maternal occupation level, which is calculated based on the International ISCO System 4-point scale for professions (Additional file 1: Methods S2)
  6. dSTRONGkids scores range from 0 to 5, with a score of 0 indicating a low risk of malnutrition, a score of 1 to 3 indicating a medium risk, and a score of 4 to 5 indicating a high risk
  7. ePeLOD scores range from 0 to 71, with higher scores indicating more severe illness
  8. fHigher PIM3 scores indicate a higher risk of mortality
  9. gPIM3 probability of death, ranging from 0 to 100%, with higher percentages indicating a higher probability of death in PICU
  10. hA prerandomization syndrome or illness a priori defined as affecting or possibly affecting neurocognitive development (Additional file 1: Methods S1)
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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535