Characteristic | All patients | Development group | Validation group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 465,657; 100%) | (n = 231,363; 49.7%) | (n = 234,294; 50.3%) | ||||
Age, years | 80 | (69–87) | 80 | (69–87) | 80 | (69–87) |
Male | 264,308 | (56.8) | 131,049 | (56.6) | 133,259 | (56.9) |
Witnessed arrest | 190,268 | (40.9) | 95,078 | (41.1) | 95,190 | (40.6) |
Rural area† | 111,327 | (23.9) | 55,709 | (24.1) | 55,618 | (23.7) |
Bystander CPR | 233,204 | (50.1) | 114,357 | (49.4) | 118,847 | (50.7) |
AED use by bystander before EMS arrival at the site | 7197 | (1.5) | 3551 | (1.5) | 3646 | (1.6) |
Initial shockable rhythm | 28,970 | (6.2) | 14,823 | (6.4) | 14,147 | (6.0) |
Presumed cardiac cause | 291,638 | (62.6) | 143,509 | (62.0) | 148,129 | (63.2) |
Use of advanced airway management | 183,267 | (39.4) | 90,272 | (39.0) | 92,995 | (39.7) |
Epinephrine administration | 103,539 | (22.2) | 45,468 | (19.7) | 58,071 | (24.8) |
Prehospital AED administration by EMS personnel | 43,399 | (9.3) | 21,829 | (9.4) | 21,570 | (9.2) |
EMS response time, min | 9 | (7–11) | 9 | (7–11) | 9 | (7–11) |
Prehospital EMS-initiated CPR duration, min | 22 | (17–28) | 22 | (17–28) | 22 | (17–28) |
Prehospital ROSC | 47,220 | (10.1) | 22,527 | (9.7) | 24,693 | (10.5) |
1-month survival | 28,574 | (6.1) | 13,934 | (6.0) | 14,640 | (6.3) |
1-month CPC 1–2 | 17,027 | (3.7) | 8270 | (3.6) | 8757 | (3.7) |