Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective large cohort multicenter study in Japan

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted associations with favorable outcomes (CPC 1 or 2) at hospital discharge and survival to hospital discharge

Variables	Favorable outcome				Survival
	Univariate analysis		Multivariable analysis^a		Univariate analysis		Multivariable analysis^a
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age	0.98 (0.97–0.98)	< 0.001	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	< 0.001
Male sex	0.69 (0.49–1.00)	0.049	0.59 (0.41–0.85)	0.005	0.76 (0.57–1.02)	0.071	0.66 (0.53–0.83)	< 0.001
Witnessed cardiac arrest	1.85 (1.26–2.80)	0.001	1.44 (0.90–2.31)	0.126	1.50 (1.13–2.00)	0.004	1.41 (1.06–1.88)	0.018
Bystander CPR	1.95 (1.44–2.67)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.18–1.99)	0.001	1.24 (0.99–1.56)	0.056	0.97 (0.77–1.21)	0.763
Initial cardiac rhythm
Shockable rhythm	5.02 (2.24–14.32)	< 0.001	4.44 (1.72–11.46)	0.002	3.89 (2.28–7.17)	< 0.001	3.18 (1.67–6.03)	< 0.001
Pulseless electrical activity	2.54 (1.06–7.55)	0.035	1.73 (0.71–4.20)	0.228	1.88 (1.04–3.60)	0.035	1.32 (0.63–2.75)	0.461
Asystole	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Location of cardiac arrest
Home	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Public place	1.70 (1.16–2.49)	0.007	1.75 (1.12–2.73)	0.013	1.63 (1.20–2.20)	0.002	1.63 (1.13–2.34)	0.008
Ambulance^b	1.86 (1.19–2.86)	0.007	2.28 (1.33–3.92)	0.003	1.52 (1.06–2.17)	0.024	1.77 (1.07–2.93)	0.026
Others	1.11 (0.78–1.57)	0.577	1.13 (0.76–1.68)	0.540	1.12 (0.86–1.46)	0.405	1.11 (0.86–1.44)	0.433
Estimated low flow time^c	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.001	1.00 (0.99–1.00)	0.302	0.98 (0.97–0.98)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	< 0.001

CPC, cerebral performance category; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
^aLogistic regression model with generalized estimating equation (GEE) adjusting for age, sex, witnessed cardiac arrest, bystander CPR, initial rhythm (shockable rhythm, pulseless electrical activity, asystole), cardiac arrest (home, public place ambulance, others), and estimated low flow time
^bPatients who developed cardiac arrest after emergency medical staff (EMS) arrival with the presence of spontaneous circulation on initial EMS evaluation
^cEstimated low flow time was defined as the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was other than ambulance

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