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Table 1 Characteristics of patients at baselinea

From: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective large cohort multicenter study in Japan

Variables

Total (N = 1644)

Age, years

60 [49–68]

Sex

 Female

254 (15.5)

 Male

1390 (84.6)

Comorbidities

1135 (72.6)

 Heart disease

420 (25.5)

Location of cardiac arrest

 Home

654 (39.9)

 Public place

290 (17.7)

 Street

232 (14.2)

 Ambulanceb

183 (11.2)

 Workplace

179 (10.9)

 Others

101 (6.2)

Initial cardiac rhythm at the scene

 Shockable rhythm

1130 (69.4)

 Pulseless electrical activity

368 (22.6)

 Asystole

130 (8.0)

Witnessed cardiac arrest

1289 (78.7)

Bystander CPR

945 (58.2)

Prehospital intervention

 Defibrillation

1057 (64.9)

 Epinephrine administration

559 (34.5)

Airway management

 No device (bag-mask ventilation)

834 (53.6)

 Advanced airway (supraglottic airway)

556 (35.7)

 Advanced airway (endotracheal tube)

166 (10.7)

ROSC before hospital arrival

151 (9.3)

Initial cardiac rhythm on hospital arrival

 Shockable rhythm

809 (49.4)

 Pulseless electrical activity

498 (30.4)

 Asystole

332 (20.3)

Cardiac rhythm at ECMO initiation

 Shockable rhythm

854 (52.4)

 Pulseless electrical activity

521 (32.0)

 Asystole

254 (15.6)

Time course, minutes

 Time from call ambulance to arrivalc

32 [26–39]

 Time from arrival to ECMOd

22 [15–32]

 Time from call ambulance to ECMOe

56 [47–68]

 Estimated low flow timef

55 [45–66]

ROSC after hospital arrival

1294 (79.0)

 Before ECMO pump on

228 (17.6)

 After ECMO pump on

1064 (82.4)

Emergency coronary angiography

1282 (78.0)

Percutaneous coronary intervention

755 (47.5)

Intra-aortic balloon pumping

1060 (64.6)

Cause of cardiac arrest

 Acute coronary syndrome

970 (59.0)

 Arrhythmia

232 (14.1)

 Myocarditis

19 (1.2)

 Myopathy

96 (5.8)

 Other cardiac causes

103 (6.3)

 Other non-cardiac causes

47 (2.9)

 Pulmonary embolism

59 (3.6)

 Unknown

117 (7.1)

Cause of death at hospital

 Cardiac arrest as primary cause

1048 (92.0)

 Complications

66 (5.8)

 Comorbidities

6 (0.5)

 Others

19 (1.7)

  1. aData are presented as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables and as N (percentage) for categorical variables
  2. CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation
  3. bPatients who developed cardiac arrest after emergency medical staff (EMS) arrival with the presence of spontaneous circulation on initial EMS evaluation
  4. cCall ambulance to arrival time is time from emergency medical services call to hospital arrival time
  5. dArrival to ECMO time is time from hospital arrival to establishment of ECMO support
  6. eCall ambulance to ECMO time is time from emergency medical services call to establishment of ECMO support
  7. fEstimated low flow time was defined as the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was other than ambulance
  8. Missing data: age = 0, sex = 0, comorbidities = 80, location of cardiac arrest = 5, initial cardiac rhythm at the scene = 16, witnessed cardiac arrest = 6, bystander CPR = 21, defibrillation = 15, epinephrine administration = 23, airway management = 88, ROSC before hospital arrival = 26, initial rhythm on hospital arrival = 5, cardiac rhythm before ECMO initiation = 15, time from call ambulance to arrival = 26, time from arrival to ECMO = 69, time from call ambulance to ECMO = 91, estimated low flow time = 91, ROSC after hospital arrival = 7, time of ROSC = 2, emergency coronary angiography = 1, percutaneous coronary intervention = 55, intra-aortic balloon pumping = 3, cause of cardiac arrest = 1, cause of death at hospital = 58