Medical nutrition therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill adults: a European multinational, prospective observational cohort study (EuroPN)

Table 4 Linear mixed effect model with repeated measures describing predictors of daily calorie intake (kcal/kg BW)

	Variable name	Estimate	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	p value
Predictor variables	Surgical versus non-surgical ICU admission	0.136	− 0.716	0.989	0.754
	Average SOFA score of preceding days	0.021	− 0.061	0.103	0.613
	Patient not nourished the preceding day (yes vs. no)	− 2.744	− 3.281	− 2.206	< 0.001
	Main reason for ICU admission: respiratory (yes vs.no)	2.426	1.604	3.249	< 0.001
	Invasive mechanical ventilation on the preceding day (yes vs. no)	1.164	0.716	1.612	< 0.001
	Nutritional needs regularly assessed for patients (yes vs. no)	− 2.861	− 4.442	− 1.279	< 0.001
	Female vs. male	1.594	0.819	2.368	< 0.001
	Main reason for ICU admission: hematologic (yes vs.no)	3.955	1.720	6.191	< 0.001
	Main reason for ICU admission: hepatic (yes vs.no)	2.293	1.357	3.229	< 0.001
Smooth terms	Age	–	–	–	0.408
Smooth terms	APACHE II	–	–	–	0.551
Time variable	Analysis visit day
	Day 3	0.197	0.171	0.222	< 0.001
	Day 4	0.338	0.306	0.371	< 0.001
	Day 5	0.425	0.388	0.462	< 0.001
	Day 6	0.493	0.453	0.533	< 0.001
	Day 7	0.509	0.467	0.552	< 0.001
	Day 8	0.505	0.460	0.550	< 0.001
	Day 9	0.521	0.474	0.569	< 0.001
	Day 10	0.544	0.495	0.593	< 0.001
	Day 11	0.548	0.497	0.599	< 0.001
	Day 12	0.579	0.526	0.632	< 0.001
	Day 13	0.569	0.513	0.624	< 0.001
	Day 14	0.607	0.549	0.664	< 0.001
	Day 15	0.588	0.527	0.648	< 0.001

Analysis was also adjusted for study site as random effect
APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU: intensive care unit; LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit; and CI: confidence interval. Continuous variables were modeled by flexible penalized spline to account for possible nonlinear (smoothed) relationships with the outcome variables. An estimate > 0 indicates that the variable was associated with a higher caloric intake

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