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Table 1 Characteristics of COVID-19 patients with intubation

From: Early intubation and decreased in-hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

 

Before IPW

After IPW

 

Early intubation

Non-early intubation

Standardized difference

Early intubation

Non-early intubation

Standardized difference

Cases, n

110

302

    

Age, years, median (IQR)

67 (54–74)

67 (57–76)

0.082

67 (55–71)

67 (56–76)

0.094

Sex, male, n (%)

79 (71.8%)

247 (81.8%)

0.238

313 (83.7%)

284 (80.7%)

0.079

Comorbidity, Charlson index, median (IQR)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.122

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.095

Comorbidity, chronic lung disease, n (%)

1 (0.9%)

0 (0.0%)

0.136

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.000

Comorbidity, diabetes, n (%)

31 (28.2%)

76 (25.2%)

0.068

113 (30.2%)

98 (27.8%)

0.052

Chronic cardiopulmonary status

      

 Hugh–Jones classification, > III, n (%)

20 (18.2%)

39 (12.9%)

0.146

63 (16.8%)

53 (15.1%)

0.049

 NYHA functional classification, > II, n (%)

1 (0.9%)

0 (0.0%)

0.136

1 (0.3%)

0 (0.0%)

0.073

Status on hospital arrival

      

 GCS, median (IQR)

15 (15–15)

15 (15–15)

0.098

15 (15–15)

15 (15–15)

0.000

 Respiratory rate, /min, median (IQR)

22 (18–27)

24 (20–28)

0.106

24 (20–28)

24 (20–28)

0.027

 Oxygen requirement, ≥ 4 L/min, n (%)

50 (58.1%)

171 (70.4%)

0.259

242 (73.8%)

208 (69.8%)

0.089

 SOFA, hemodynamic score, median (IQR)a

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.219

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.000

SOFA on ICU admission, total score, median (IQR)

6 (4–8)

6 (4–9)

0.203

5 (3–6)

5 (4–7)

0.000

Status at intubation

      

 Days from onset of symptoms, median (IQR)

8 (5–10)

8 (6–10)

0.101

8 (6–10)

8 (6–10)

0.016

 PaO2, mm Hg, median (IQR)

70 (59–81)

69 (58–87)

0.046

67 (57–83)

71 (59–86)

0.047

 SOFA, hemodynamic score, median (IQR)a

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.206

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.000

 Lactate, ≥ 2 mmol/L, n (%)

6 (37.5%)

5 (15.6%)

0.511

9 (2.4%)

6 (1.7%)

0.050

Blood test at intubation, median (IQR)

      

 WBC, 103/μL

6.8 (4.7–8.5)

6.8 (5.2–9.5)

0.048

8.0 (5.0–8.0)

6.7 (5.5–8.5)

0.056

 CRP, mg/dL

11 (5–15)

10 (7–14)

0.150

14 (7–14)

11 (7–17)

0.048

 D-dimer, μg/dL

2.0 (1.1–4.7)

1.8 (0.8–2.9)

0.387

2.1 (1.5–2.1)

1.7 (0.9–2.7)

0.074

Medications, n (%)

      

 Remdesivir

37 (33.6%)

64 (21.2%)

0.282

99 (26.5%)

83 (23.6%)

0.067

 Tocilizumab

9 (8.2%)

7 (2.3%)

0.265

12 (3.2%)

12 (3.4%)

0.011

 Dexamethasoneb

28 (25.5%)

78 (25.8%)

0.009

86 (23.0%)

94 (26.7%)

0.086

Respiratory support before intubation, n (%)

      

 HFNC

0 (0.0%)

25 (8.3%)

0.425

   

 NIPPV

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.3%)

0.082

   

Frequency of early intubation, n (%)

      

 Low

6 (5.5%)

132 (43.7%)

0.992

149 (39.8%)

127 (36.1%)

0.078

 Moderate

43 (39.1%)

115 (38.1%)

0.021

121 (32.4%)

120 (34.1%)

0.037

 High

61 (55.5%)

55 (18.2%)

0.837

105 (28.1%)

106 (30.1%)

0.045

Days from arrival to intubation, days, median (IQR)

0 (0–3)

0 (0–2)

 

0 (0–1)

0 (0–2)

 
  1. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, IPW inverse probability weighting, IQR interquartile range, NYHA New York Heart Association, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, ICU intensive care unit, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, WBC white blood cell count, CRP C-reactive protein, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, NIPPV noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation
  2. aThe hemodynamic score of SOFA is on a scale of 0 to 4, where 0 indicates ≥ 70 mm Hg of mean arterial pressure
  3. bOther corticosteroids equivalent to 6 mg of dexamethasone (or at a least half dose of it) are included