From: Early intubation and decreased in-hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019
 | Before IPW | After IPW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Early intubation | Non-early intubation | Standardized difference | Early intubation | Non-early intubation | Standardized difference |
Cases, n | 110 | 302 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age, years, median (IQR) | 67 (54–74) | 67 (57–76) | 0.082 | 67 (55–71) | 67 (56–76) | 0.094 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 79 (71.8%) | 247 (81.8%) | 0.238 | 313 (83.7%) | 284 (80.7%) | 0.079 |
Comorbidity, Charlson index, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.122 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.095 |
Comorbidity, chronic lung disease, n (%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.136 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.000 |
Comorbidity, diabetes, n (%) | 31 (28.2%) | 76 (25.2%) | 0.068 | 113 (30.2%) | 98 (27.8%) | 0.052 |
Chronic cardiopulmonary status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hugh–Jones classification, > III, n (%) | 20 (18.2%) | 39 (12.9%) | 0.146 | 63 (16.8%) | 53 (15.1%) | 0.049 |
 NYHA functional classification, > II, n (%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.136 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.073 |
Status on hospital arrival | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.098 | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.000 |
 Respiratory rate, /min, median (IQR) | 22 (18–27) | 24 (20–28) | 0.106 | 24 (20–28) | 24 (20–28) | 0.027 |
 Oxygen requirement, ≥ 4 L/min, n (%) | 50 (58.1%) | 171 (70.4%) | 0.259 | 242 (73.8%) | 208 (69.8%) | 0.089 |
 SOFA, hemodynamic score, median (IQR)a | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.219 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.000 |
SOFA on ICU admission, total score, median (IQR) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–9) | 0.203 | 5 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) | 0.000 |
Status at intubation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Days from onset of symptoms, median (IQR) | 8 (5–10) | 8 (6–10) | 0.101 | 8 (6–10) | 8 (6–10) | 0.016 |
 PaO2, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 70 (59–81) | 69 (58–87) | 0.046 | 67 (57–83) | 71 (59–86) | 0.047 |
 SOFA, hemodynamic score, median (IQR)a | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.206 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.000 |
 Lactate, ≥ 2 mmol/L, n (%) | 6 (37.5%) | 5 (15.6%) | 0.511 | 9 (2.4%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.050 |
Blood test at intubation, median (IQR) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 WBC, 103/μL | 6.8 (4.7–8.5) | 6.8 (5.2–9.5) | 0.048 | 8.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.7 (5.5–8.5) | 0.056 |
 CRP, mg/dL | 11 (5–15) | 10 (7–14) | 0.150 | 14 (7–14) | 11 (7–17) | 0.048 |
 D-dimer, μg/dL | 2.0 (1.1–4.7) | 1.8 (0.8–2.9) | 0.387 | 2.1 (1.5–2.1) | 1.7 (0.9–2.7) | 0.074 |
Medications, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Remdesivir | 37 (33.6%) | 64 (21.2%) | 0.282 | 99 (26.5%) | 83 (23.6%) | 0.067 |
 Tocilizumab | 9 (8.2%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.265 | 12 (3.2%) | 12 (3.4%) | 0.011 |
 Dexamethasoneb | 28 (25.5%) | 78 (25.8%) | 0.009 | 86 (23.0%) | 94 (26.7%) | 0.086 |
Respiratory support before intubation, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 HFNC | 0 (0.0%) | 25 (8.3%) | 0.425 |  |  |  |
 NIPPV | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.082 |  |  |  |
Frequency of early intubation, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 6 (5.5%) | 132 (43.7%) | 0.992 | 149 (39.8%) | 127 (36.1%) | 0.078 |
 Moderate | 43 (39.1%) | 115 (38.1%) | 0.021 | 121 (32.4%) | 120 (34.1%) | 0.037 |
 High | 61 (55.5%) | 55 (18.2%) | 0.837 | 105 (28.1%) | 106 (30.1%) | 0.045 |
Days from arrival to intubation, days, median (IQR) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) |  | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) |  |