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Table 1 Demographics, physiological, illness severity, comorbidities, and outcomes among critically ill patients

From: Comparison of the predictive ability of clinical frailty scale and hospital frailty risk score to determine long-term survival in critically ill patients: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

 

All (N = 7001)

Clinical frailty scale (CFS)(1)

 

Hospital frailty risk score (HFRS)(2)

 

Non-frail (< 5) (n = 5678, 81.1%)

Frail (≥ 5) (n = 1323, 19.9%)

Non-frail (< 5) (n = 5164, 73.8%)

Frail (≥ 5) (n = 1837, 26.2%)

Demographics

Age, median (IQR)

63.7 (49.1–74.0)

61.8 (47.0–72.2)

69.9 (59–1-79.6)

63.3 (49.2–73.1)

64.6 (48.9–76.2)

 Male

59.5 (4166)

61.0 (4590)

53.0 (1013)

59 (3048)

60.9 (1118)

Type of hospital, % (n)

 Metropolitan

11.6 (812)

10.4 (588)

16.9 (224)

9.9 (511)

16.4 (301)

 Rural/Regional

26.6 (1863)

26.0 (1474)

29.4 (389)

29.1 (1505)

19.5 (358)

 Tertiary

61.8 (4326)

63.7 (3616)

53.7 (710)

61.0 (3148)

64.1 (1178)

Admission source, % (n)

 Private residence

77.1 (5397)

76.9 (4367)

77.8 (1030)

78.4 (4050)

(1347)

 Transfer from RACF

22.1 (1545)

22.6 (1283)

19.8 (262)

21.0 (1084)

(461)

 Transfer from rehabilitation

0.3 (22)

0.1 (8)

1.1 (14)

0.2 (10)

(12)

 No information

0.5 (35)

0.4 (20)

1.1 (15)

0.4 (19)

0.9 (16)

Admission type to ICU, % (n)

 Elective surgery

24.9 (1740)

27.0 (1533)

15.6 (207)

32.3 (1670)

(70)

 Emergency surgery

20.2 (1415)

19.9 (1129)

21.6 (286)

20.9 (1077)

(338)

 Medical Admission

54.9 (3846)

53.1 (3016)

62.7 (830)

46.8 (2417)

77.8 (1429)

Comorbidities, % (n)

 Chronic respiratory disorders

7.7 (539)

5.0 (282)

19.4 (257)

8.5 (439)

(100)

 Chronic cardiovascular disorders

6.7 (470)

5.1 (288)

13.8 (182)

6.8 (349)

(121)

 Chronic renal failure

3.7 (260)

2.9 (162)

7.4 (98)

2.9 (152)

(108)

 Immune disorder

2.2 (151)

1.5 (86)

4.9 (65)

2.1 (110)

(41)

 Immunosuppressive disorder

5.6 (395)

4.6 (261)

10.1 (134)

5.3 (272)

(123)

 Cirrhosis / Hepatic failure

2.6 (181)

2.3 (129)

3.9 (52)

2.3 (121)

(60)

 Metastatic cancer

2.6 (183)

2.1 (121)

4.7 (62)

2.7 (141)

(42)

 Leukaemia

1.6 (111)

1.4 (81)

2.3 (30)

1.4 (70)

(41)

 Lymphoma

0.7 (52)

0.7 (37)

1.1 (30)

0.8 (39)

0.7 (13)

 Pre-ICU hours, hours, median (IQR)

43.9 (135.9)

7.2 (3.8–18.2)

9.0 (4.3–27.5)

8.2 (4.2–24.0)

5.7 (3.2–12.7)

 Treatment limitation, % (n)

9.6 (667)

6.1 (343)

24.5 (324)

7.6 (384)

15.0 (275)

 ICU Admission post MET call, % (n)

12.7 (885)

11.0 (625)

19.7 (260)

11.5 (591)

16.0 (294)

Illness severity Scores, median (IQR)

 APACHE II score

15.4 (7.5)

14 (9–19)

18 (14–23)

13 (10–18)

18 (13–23)

 APACHE III score

51.9. (24.7)

46 (33–62)

58 (45–74)

46 (33–60)

58 (42–76)

 ANZROD (%) mean (SD)

9.4 (17)

8.1 (16)

15.2 (19.6)

7.3 (15)

15 (20)

 Charlson comorbidity index

0 (0–2)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

Outcomes, % (n)

 ICU mortality

6.7 (472)

5.8 (328)

10.9 (144)

5.5 (286)

(186)

 Hospital mortality

9.2 (642)

7.6 (433)

15.8 (209)

7.5 (385)

(257)

 28-day mortality

9.0 (630)

7.4 (420)

15.9 (210)

7.3 (378)

(252)

 90-day mortality

11.8 (828)

9.4 (533)

22.3 (295)

9.5 (493)

(335)

 6-month mortality

13.5 (944)

10.6 (600)

26.0 (344)

11.1 (571)

(373)

 12-month mortality

14.4 (1005)

11.3 (642)

27.4 (363)

11.8 (609)

(396)

 ICU LOS, hours, median (IQR)

44.8 (23.1–87.7)

42.9 (22.4–83.7)

55.8 (29.3–100.6)

40.9 (21.8–72.7)

64.7 (34.7–125.6)

 Hospital LOS, days, median (IQR)

8 (4–15)

7 (4–14)

9 (5–8)

7 (4–14)

10 (5–20)

 Organ failure and supports, % (n)

 Mechanical ventilation

46.7 (3266)

47.9 (2722)

41.1 (544)

46.7 (2414)

(852)

 Renal replacement therapy

6.8 (474)

6.1 (348)

9.5 (126)

5.2 (266)

11.3 (208)

 Discharge destination, % (n)

 Hospital mortality

642 (9.2)

433 (7.6)

209 (15.8)

385 (7.5)

257 (4.0)

 Usual residence

4515 (64.5)

3895 (68.6)

620 (46.9)

3723 (72.1)

792 (3.1)

 Rehabilitation

932 (13.3)

671 (11.8)

261 (19.7)

458 (8.9)

474 (5.8)

 New nursing home

110 (1.6)

43 (0.8)

67 (5.1)

69 (1.3)

41 (2.2)

 Other^

801 (11.4)

636 (11.2)

165 (12.5)

528 (10.2)

273 (14.9)

  1. SD standard deviation, SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment, SAPS 3 Simplified Acute Physiology admission score, n number, IQR interquartile range, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, RACF Residential aged care facility, TCP transitional care program, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NYHA New York Heart Association, ICU intensive care unit, ANZROD ANZ Risk of death score, APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, RoD risk of death
  2. Respiratory disorders: Chronic restrictive, obstructive disease resulting in severe exercise restriction (unable to climb stairs or perform household duties); or documented chronic hypoxia, hypercapnia, secondary polycythaemia, severe pulmonary hypertension (mean > 40 mmHg); or ventilator dependency
  3. (1)Except for Admission source (p = 0.01), Leukaemia (p = 0.04) and Lymphoma (p = 0.08) all comparisons between frail and not-frail for CFS scores were statistically significant (p < 0.0001)
  4. (2)With the exception of Age (p = 0.60), gender (p = 0.17) Chronic Cardiovascular (p = 0.80), Immune disorder (p = 0.80), Immunosuppression (p = 0.02), Cirrhosis (p = 0.03), Metastatic cancer (p = 0.31), Leukaemia (p = 0.01), Lymphoma (p = 0.84) and Mechanical Ventilation (p = 0.79) all comparisons between frail and not-frail for HFRS scores were statistically significant (p < 0.0001)
  5. * Other = unknown (n = 24); other hospital, incl. ICU (n = 711); another ICU from same hospital (n = 37)
  6. ^ includes discharge to hospital in the home (n = 19, 0.3%), mental residential care facility (n = 73, 1%), other (n = 38, 0.5%), left against medical advice (n = 155, 2.2%), statistical separation (n = 255 3.6%)
  7. Cardiovascular: New York Heart Association Class IV: angina or symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion (whilst getting dressed or during self-care)
  8. Liver: Biopsy proven cirrhosis and portal hypertension, or episodes of past upper GI bleeding attributed to portal hypertension. If the patient has a functioning liver transplant, this chronic health item does not apply
  9. Renal: Must be receiving chronic haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
  10. Immune Suppressive Disease (Immune disease): The patient has a disease that is sufficiently advanced to suppress resistance to infection: leukaemia, AIDS, lymphoma, severe autoimmune disease or documented diffuse metastatic cancer
  11. Immunosuppressive Therapy (Immunosuppressed): The patient has received therapy that has suppressed resistance to infection: e.g. immunosuppression, chemotherapy within 4 weeks of admission, radiation, high-dose steroid treatment (e.g. > 1.5 mg/kg methylprednisolone or equivalent for ≥ 5 days), long term treatment with > 20 mg/day steroid
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Critical Care

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