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Table 1 Demographic and day 1 clinical characteristics of the four phenotypes

From: Machine learning derivation of four computable 24-h pediatric sepsis phenotypes to facilitate enrollment in early personalized anti-inflammatory clinical trials

Characteristic1

Total

PedSep-A

PedSep-B

PedSep-C

PedSep-D

No. of patients, N (%)

404 (100)

136 (34)

102 (25)

110 (27)

56 (14)

Demographic

     

 Age years* mean (SD)

7 (6)

3 (4)

8 (6)a

10 (5)a,b

8 (6)a

 Male* N (%)

224 (55.4)

63 (46.3)

68 (66.7)a

59 (53.6)

34 (60.7)

 Female* N (%)

180 (44.6)

73 (53.7)

34 (33.3)

51 (46.4)

22 (39.3)

 Hispanic* N (%)

67 (16.6)

28 (20.6)

12 (11.8)

23 (20.9)

4 (7.1)

 Non-Hispanic* N (%)

323 (80.0)

100 (73.5)

86 (84.3)

86 (78.2)

51 (91.1)

 Previous healthy* N (%)

180 (44.6)

96 (70.6)b,c,d

28 (27.5)

37 (33.6)

19 (33.9)

 Surgery* N (%)

49 (12.1)

6 (4.4)

19 (18.6)a

12 (10.9)

12 (21.4)a

Organ dysfunction

     

 SIRS criteria, mean (SD)2

2.9 (0.8)

2.9 (0.8)

3.0 (0.8)

2.8 (0.8)

3 (0.8)

 OFI* mean (SD)3

1.8 (0.9)

1.4 (0.5)

2.1 (0.6)a,c

1.4 (0.6)

3.1 (1.0)a,b,c

Inflammation

     

 CRP mg/dL* mean (SD)

11.7 (10.4)

7.3 (7.3)

13.2 (11.5)a

15.2 (10.4)a

13.1 (11.2)a

 Low temperature °C* mean

36.6 (1.2)

36.7 (0.9)b

36.0 (1.6)

37.1 (0.9)a,b,d

36.3 (1.0)

 High temperature °C* mean

37.8 (1.3)

37.8 (1.1)

37.4 (1.3)

38.3 (1.2)a,b,d

37.8 (1.4)

 ALC/mm3* median (IQR)

1.2 (0.6–2.1)

1.9(1.3–3.2)b,c,d

1.1(0.6–1.9)c

0.6 (0.2–1.0)

1.1(0.6–2.1)c

 Ferritin ng/mL* median (IQR)

218 (98.0–625.3)

125(69.8–207.8)

223(116.5–544.2)a

405(176.2–1485.7)a,b

610 (221.1–2482.0)a,b

Pulmonary

     

 Pulmonary OFI* N (%)

270 (66.8)

108 (79.4)c

87 (85.3)c

37 (33.6)

38 (67.9)c

 Intubation* N (%)

211 (52.2)

72 (52.9)c

94 (92.2)a,c,d

15 (13.6)

30 (53.6)c

Cardiovascular or hemodynamic

 Heart rate bpm* mean (SD)

155.4 (31.3)

168.1 (30.8)b,c,d

146.5 (27.9)

150.4 (27.6)

150.6 (35.8)

 Systolic blood pressure*, mean (SD) mmHg

81.9 (19.3)

85.0 (15.7)b

74.8 (22.0)

86.3 (17.2)b

78.9 (21.9)

 Cardiovascular OFI* N (%)

284 (70.3)

63 (46.3)

92 (90.2)a

85 (77.3)a

44 (78.6)a

Renal

     

 Creatinine mg/dL* median (IQR)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

0.6 (0.4–1.0)a

0.6 (0.4–0.7)a

1.4 (0.6–2.6)a,b,c

 Renal OFI* N (%)

30 (7.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

30 (53.6)a,b,c

Hepatic

     

 Hepatic OFI* N (%)

40 (9.9)

3 (2.2)

9 (8.8)

11 (10.0)a

17 (30.4)a,b,c

Hematologic

     

 Hemoglobin g/dL* mean (SD)

9.8 (2.0)

10.1 (1.8)b,d

9.4 (2.1)

10.2 (2.1)b,d

9.1 (1.8)

 Platelets K/mm3* mean (SD)

171.1 (123.2)

260.1 (122.0)b,c,d

154.3 (95.1)c,d

118.8 (83.5)d

88.2 (108.0)

 Hematologic OFI* N (%)

39 (9.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

8 (7.3)a,b

31 (85.7)a,b,c

Neurologic

     

 Glasgow Coma Scale Score* mean (SD)4,5

8.7 (5.3)

8.5 (5.2)b

4.7 (3.4)

13.2 (3.1)a,b,d

7.9 (5.5)b

 CNS OFI N (%)

54 (13.4)

12 (8.8)

24 (23.5)a,c

6 (5.5)

12 (21.4)c

  1. IQR interquartile range, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, OFI organ failure index, ALC absolute lymphocyte count, CNS central nervous system
  2. SI conversion factors: to convert alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase to μkat/L, multiply by 0.0167; bilirubin to μmol/L, multiply by 17.104; C-reactive protein to nmol/L, multiply by 9.524; creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4
  3. *Comparisons across all 4 computable phenotypes were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the χ2 test, or the Fisher’s exact test (Additional file 1: Table S3, p < 0.05 for all comparisons after adjustment)
  4. 1The variables in this table were log transformed for modeling (Additional file 1: Table S3). Comparisons across all 4 phenotypes were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the χ2 test, or the Fisher’s exact test (Additional file 1: Table S3. p < 0.05 for all comparisons after adjustment)
  5. 2Indicates SIRS criteria ranging from 0 to 4 including abnormal heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and white blood cell count
  6. 3OFI is an integer score reflecting the number of organ failures. Scores are either 0 or 1 for cardiovascular, hepatic, hematologic, respiratory, neurological, and renal, and summed for total range of 0 to 6. Cardiovascular, need for cardiovascular agent infusion support; Pulmonary, need for mechanical ventilation support with the ratio of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) < 300 without this support; Hepatic, total bilirubin > 1.0 mg/dL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 100 units/L; Renal, serum creatinine > 1.0 mg/dL and oliguria (urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/h); Hematologic, thrombocytopenia < 100,000/mm3 and prothrombin time INR > 1.5 × normal; Central Nervous System, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score < 12 in the absence of sedatives
  7. 4Corresponds to minimum or maximum value (as appropriate) within 6 h of hospital presentation
  8. 5GCS ranges from 3 to 15
  9. aThe outcome characteristic of this computable phenotype is significantly higher than PedSep-A (p value < 0.05)
  10. bThe outcome characteristic of this computable phenotype is significantly higher than PedSep-B (p value < 0.05)
  11. cThe outcome characteristic of this computable phenotype is significantly higher than PedSep-C (p value < 0.05)
  12. dThe outcome characteristic of this computable phenotype is significantly higher than PedSep-D (p value < 0.05)