Characteristics | Total responders n = 215 | PICUs < 450 admissions/year n = 117 | PICUs ≥ 450 admissions/year n = 98 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drug used as first choice for continuous analgosedationa | ||||
Opioids | ||||
a. Fentanyl | 110 (51) | 64 (55) | 46 (47) | 0.257 |
b. Morphine | 62 (29) | 32 (27) | 30 (31) | 0.599 |
c. Sufentanil | 32 (15) | 16 (14) | 16 (16) | 0.586 |
d. Remifentanil | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
e. Oxycodon | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
a. Midazolam | 153 (71) | 90 (77) | 63 (65) | 0.042 |
b. Lorazepam | – | – | – | – |
Alpha 2 agonists | ||||
a. Dexmedetomidine | 24 (11) | 12 (10) | 12 (12) | 0.645 |
b. Clonidine | 14 (7) | 8 (7) | 6 (6) | 0.832 |
Others | ||||
a. Ketamine | 18 (8) | 2 (2) | 16 (16) | 0.000 |
b. Propofol | 5 (2) | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 1.000 |
c. Thiopentone | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
d. Chloral Hydrate | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
Drugs used in combination as first choice | ||||
Fentanyl and midazolam | 81 (38) | 54 (46) | 27 (28) | 0.004 |
Morphine and midazolam | 36 (17) | 20 (17) | 16 (16) | 0.881 |
Sufentanil and midazolam | 24 (11) | 10 (9) | 14 (14) | 0.199 |
Fentanyl and ketamine | 12 (6) | 0 (0) | 12 (12) | 0.000 |
Morphine and dexmedetomidine | 9 (4) | 3 (3) | 6 (6) | 0.306 |
Morphine and clonidine | 9 (4) | 5 (4) | 4 (4) | 1.000 |
Drug used as second choice for continuous analgosedationa | ||||
Opioids | ||||
a. Fentanyl | 57 (27) | 20 (17) | 37 (38) | 0.001 |
b. Morphine | 57 (27) | 37 (32) | 20 (20) | 0.064 |
c. Sufentanil | 12 (5) | 6 (5) | 6 (6) | 0.774 |
d. Remifentanil | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
e. Methadone | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
f. Alfentanil | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
a. Midazolam | 32 (15) | 19 (16) | 13 (13) | 0.542 |
b. Lorazepam | 13 (6) | 7 (6) | 6 (6) | 0.966 |
Alpha 2 agonists | ||||
a. Dexmedetomidine | 117 (54) | 65 (56) | 52 (53) | 0.715 |
b. Clonidine | 69 (32) | 31 (27) | 38 (39) | 0.055 |
Others | ||||
a. Ketamine | 120 (56) | 62 (53) | 58 (59) | 0.363 |
b. Propofol | 77 (36) | 44 (38) | 33 (34) | 0.549 |
c. Antihistamines | 13 (6) | 5 (4) | 8 (8) | 0.262 |
d. Phenobarbital | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.627 |
e. Chloral Hydrate | 5 (2) | 2 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.662 |
f. Inhaled agents | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.502 |
Drug used during difficult analgosedationa | ||||
Opioids | ||||
a. Sufentanil | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.456 |
b. Remifentanil | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
c. Methadone | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.207 |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
a. Midazolam | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.182 |
b. Lorazepam | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Alpha 2 agonists | ||||
a. Dexmedetomidine | 74 (34) | 41 (35) | 33 (34) | 0.833 |
b. Clonidine | 39 (18) | 19 (16) | 20 (20) | 0.430 |
Others | ||||
a. Ketamine | 109 (51) | 55 (47) | 54 (55) | 0.237 |
b. Propofol | 92 (43) | 50 (43) | 42 (43) | 0.986 |
c. Antipsychotic agents | 44 (21) | 16 (14) | 28 (29) | 0.007 |
d. Chloral hydrate | 35 (16) | 21 (18) | 14 (14) | 0.469 |
e. Inhaled agents | 34 (16) | 8 (7) | 26 (27) | 0.000 |
f. Antihistamines | 18 (8) | 7 (6) | 11 (11) | 0.167 |
g. Thiopentone | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.627 |
h. Phenobarbital | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Drug never used for continuous analgosedationa | ||||
Opioids | ||||
a. Sufentanil | 105 (49) | 64 (55) | 41 (42) | 0.060 |
b. Fentanyl | 36 (17) | 9 (8) | 27 (28) | 0.000 |
c. Morphine | 15 (7) | 9 (8) | 6 (6) | 0.653 |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
a. Lorazepam | 120 (56) | 72 (62) | 48 (49) | 0.065 |
b. Midazolam | 5 (2) | 4 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.379 |
Alpha 2 agonists | ||||
a. Clonidine | 57 (27) | 35 (29) | 22 (22) | 0.217 |
b. Dexmedetomidine | 23 (11) | 13 (11) | 10 (10) | 0.830 |
Others | ||||
a. Inhaled agents | 152 (71) | 97 (83) | 55 (56) | 0.000 |
b. Antihistamines | 101 (47) | 62 (53) | 39 (40) | 0.054 |
c. Antipsychotic agents | 90 (42) | 60 (51) | 30 (31) | 0.002 |
d. Propofol | 41 (19) | 25 (21) | 16 (16) | 0.349 |
e. Ketamine | 26 (12) | 9 (8) | 17 (17) | 0.031 |
f. Chloral Hydrate | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.456 |
g. Phenobarbital | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.456 |
Use of NMBAs during analgosedation for subgroup of patients | 184 (86) | 96 (82) | 88 (90) | 0.107 |
Type of NMBA useda | ||||
Rocuronium | 123 (57) | 73 (62) | 50 (51) | 0.093 |
Cisatracurium | 58 (27) | 37 (32) | 21 (21) | 0.093 |
Vecuronium | 29 (14) | 16 (14) | 13 (13) | 0.930 |
Succinylcholine | 14 (7) | 0 (0) | 14 (14) | 0.000 |
Mivacurium | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | 0.180 |
Pancuronium | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Pipercuronium | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Use of paracetamol for opioid sparing | 177 (82) | 95 (81) | 82 (84) | 0.635 |