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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes according to allocated group

From: Factors for success of awake prone positioning in patients with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: analysis of a randomized controlled trial

 

APP

(n = 216)

Standard care

(n = 214)

RR

(95% CI)

P

Characteristics

    

Age—years

58.6 ± 15.8

58.2 ± 15.8

–

–

Female sex—no. (%)

84 (38.9)

88 (41.1)

–

–

Body mass indexa—kg/m2

30.3 ± 4.6

30.0 ± 3.8

–

–

Days from symptoms onset to hospital admission

8 (7–10)

8 (7–9)

–

–

SpO2 at hospital admission—%

79 (75–84)

80 (75–85)

–

–

Hours from admission in hospital to study enrollment

17 ± 9.3

16 ± 9.9

–

–

Hours from HFNC to enrollment

11.1 (4.8–20)

9.4 (4.2–18.6)

–

–

At study enrollment

  

–

–

 Respiratory rate—breaths/min

25.0 ± 4.3

25.3 ± 4.2

–

–

 HFNC flow settings—L/min

40 (40–40)

40 (40–40)

–

–

 FIO2

0.7 (0.6–1.0)

0.7 (0.6–1.0)

–

–

 SpO2/FIO2

134.7 ± 38.7

135.5 ± 37.9

–

–

 ROX index

5.3 (3.7–7.1)

5.5 (3.8–6.9)

–

–

 Silent hypoxemia—no. (%) b

58 (27)

59 (27)

–

–

 Lung ultrasound scorec

18 (16–21)

18 (15–22)

–

–

 D-dimer—mg/dL

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

–

–

Coexisting illnessd

153 (71)

151 (71)

–

–

Use of glucocorticoids for treatment of COVID-19—no. (%)

182 (84)

184 (86)

–

–

Highest treating location

  

–

–

 Intermediate care unit (patient-to-nurse-ratio 4:1)—no. (%)

172 (80)

162 (76)

–

–

 Intensive care unit (patient-to-nurse-ratio 2:1)—no. (%)

44 (20)

52 (24)

–

–

Outcomes

    

Intubation at day 28—no. (%)

65/216 (30)

92/214 (43)

0.70 (0.54–0.90)

0.006

Mortality at day 28—no. (%)

    

  All patients

71/216 (33)

79/214 (37)

0.89 (0.68–1.15)

0.37

 Patients with IMV

48/65 (74)

59/92 (64)

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

0.18

Treatment success at day 28 (alive without intubation)—no. (%)

128/216 (59)

102/214 (48)

1.28 (1.04–1.57)

0.01

Adverse events

    

 Skin breakdown—no. (%)

1 (0.5)

3 (1.4)

–

–

 Vomiting—no. (%)

5 (2.3)

10 (4.7)

–

–

 Intravascular lines dislodgement—no. (%)

14 (6.5)

14 (6.5)

–

–

 Back pain—no. (%)

16 (7.4)

13 (6.1)

–

–

 Cardiac arrest related to position change

0

0

–

–

   

Median difference

(95% CI)

 

Days of HFNC in patients who had treatment success, median (IQR)

8.7 (7.4–11.7)

9.6 (7.5–12)

− 0.5 (− 1.4–0.2)

0.21

Days from study enrollment to intubation in patients with IMV, median (IQR)

2.8 (1.9–4.1)

2.2 (1.4–3.5)

0.6 (0.1–1.0)

0.02

Days of IMV, median (IQR)

9.4 (6.0–14.5)

10.6 (7.8–14.3)

− 0.9 (− 2.6–0.8)

0.29

Hospital LOS, median (IQR)

11 (9–14)

13 (10–17)

− 1.5 (− 2–0)

0.001

  1. Plus–minus values are means ± SD; median with interquartile ranges is in parentheses. APP, awake prone positioning; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; SpO2, saturation of pulse oximetry; FIO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ROX, SpO2/FIO2 /respiratory rate; CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS, length of stay
  2. aBody mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
  3. bSilent hypoxemia was defined as SpO2 < 90% at ambient air but no perception of symptoms of dyspnea or shortness of breath at hospital admission
  4. cLung ultrasound with 12-lung regions technique, scores range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating lower lung aeration
  5. dCoexisting illness included: chronic heart disease (known heart failure, coronary artery disease, or hypertension); chronic lung disease (obstructive or restrictive); chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 prior to hospital admission; severe liver disease (cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension with history of variceal bleeding, or liver disease with Child–Pugh score ≥ 10)
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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535