| Overall | Oxygen mask | High-flow oxygen therapy | Non-invasive ventilation | p | SMD | VR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1093 | n = 553 | n = 439 | n = 1011 | ||||
Age (years) | 63 [54—70] | 64 [54—70] | 62 [54—70] | 63 [53—69] | 0.904 |  < 0.001 | 1.11 |
Sex (female) | 354 (32) | 179 (32) | 142 (32) | 33 (32) | 1 |  < 0.001 | – |
Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 28 [26–31] | 28 [25-31] | 28 [26–31] | 28 [26–31] | 0.914 |  < 0.001 | 1.23 |
Time from hospital admission to ICU admission [days] | 1 [0—3] | 1 [0—3] | 1 [0—3] | 2 [1–3] | 0.553 |  < 0.001 | 1.22 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cardiovascular | 520 (48) | 263 (48) | 209 (48) | 48 (48) | 1 |  < 0.001 | – |
 Diabetes | 226 (21) | 114 (21) | 91 (21) | 21 (21) | |||
 Cancer | 80 (7) | 41 (7) | 32 (7) | 7 (7) | |||
 COPD | 79 (7) | 40 (7) | 32 (7) | 7 (7) | |||
 Immunosupression | 63 (6) | 32 (6) | 25 (6) | 6 (6) | |||
Leucocytes (G/l) | 9 [6–12] | 9 [6–12] | 9 [6–12] | 9 [7–12] | 0.782 |  < 0.001 | 1.25 |
Lymphocytes (G/l) | 0.7 [0.5—1.0] | 0.7 [0.5—1.0] | 0.8 [0.5—1.0] | 0.7 [0.5—1.0] | 0.551 |  < 0.001 | 1.28 |
Neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio | 10 [7–17] | 11 [6–18] | 10 [7–17] | 10 [7–18] | 0.688 |  < 0.001 | 1.46 |
Procalcitonin (μg/l) | 0.3 [0.1—0.6] | 0.3 [0.1—0.6] | 0.3 [0.1—0.6] | 0.2 [0.1—0.5] | 0.254 |  < 0.001 | 1.7 |
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 113 [23–222] | 118 [30—217] | 104 [17—227] | 114 [30—227] | 0.296 |  < 0.001 | 1.42 |
Lactate (mmol/l) | 1.4 [1.1–1.9] | 1.3 [1.0—1.9] | 1.4 [1.1—1.9] | 1.4 [1.2—1.8] | 0.052 |  < 0.001 | 1.47 |
Interleukin-6 (ng/l) | 129 [50–329] | 132 [50—304] | 118 [60—332] | 130 [43—354] | 0.855 |  < 0.001 | 1.34 |
D-dimers (μg/l) | 1145 [560–2965] | 1262 [611–3058] | 1040 [494—2760] | 1190 [558—3793] | 0.07 |  < 0.001 | 1.57 |
Ferritin (μg/l) | 1387 [760–2259] | 1325 [779—2254] | 1465 [742—2215] | 1382 [722—2356] | 0.91 |  < 0.001 | 1.58 |
Intubation, n (%) | 897 (82) | 501 (91) | 307 (70) | 89 (88) |  < 0.001 |  |  |
Length of ICU stay (days) | 14 [7–26] | 14 [7–26] | 13 [7–26] | 13 [8–24] | 0.958 |  |  |
Ventilator-free survival†(days) | 12 [0—24] | 8 [0—23] | 15 [0—30] | 11 [0—24] |  < 0.001 |  |  |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 310 (28) | 167 (30) | 106 (24) | 37 (36) | 0.041 | Â | Â |