Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics for daytime versus nighttime admissions of all patients admitted to the emergency department and those with septic shock
Variables | Total | Day | Night | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2049 (100%) | N = 1180 (58%) | N = 869 (42%) | ||
Age (years) | 67.9 ± 13.6 | 68.1 ± 13.4 | 67.7 ± 14.0 | 0.595 |
Male sex [n (%)] | 1196 (58.4) | 684 (58.0) | 512 (58.9) | 0.666 |
Severity score | ||||
SOFA score (points) | 6.07 ± 3.16 | 6.11 ± 3.15 | 6.02 ± 3.17 | 0.567 |
APACHE II score (points) | 20.24 ± 9.11 | 20.31 ± 9.15 | 20.15 ± 9.07 | 0.703 |
Initial vital sign | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 89.2 ± 23.9 | 88.9 ± 22.8 | 89.6 ± 25.4 | 0.567 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 53.8 ± 16.2 | 53.5 ± 15.3 | 54.1 ± 17.3 | 0.411 |
Body temperature (°C) | 37.7 ± 1.3 | 37.6 ± 1.3 | 37.7 ± 1.4 | 0.118 |
Past medical history [n (%)] | ||||
Hypertension | 846 (41.3) | 490 (41.5) | 356 (41.0) | 0.799 |
Diabetes mellitus | 627 (30.6) | 348 (29.5) | 279 (32.1) | 0.204 |
Cardiovascular disease | 275 (13.4) | 166 (14.1) | 109 (12.5) | 0.317 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 250 (12.2) | 148 (12.5) | 102 (11.7) | 0.582 |
Chronic lung disease | 164 (8.0) | 103 (8.7) | 61 (7.0) | 0.159 |
Hematologic malignancy | 134 (6.5) | 78 (6.6) | 56 (6.4) | 0.881 |
Metastatic cancer | 452 (22.1) | 245 (20.8) | 207 (23.8) | 0.099 |
Chronic kidney disease | 151 (7.4) | 86 (7.3) | 65 (7.5) | 0.869 |
Chronic liver disease | 242 (11.8) | 128 (10.9) | 114 (13.1) | 0.115 |
Transplantation | 39 (1.9) | 22 (1.9) | 17 (2.0) | 0.881 |
AIDS | 5 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | > 0.999 |
Source of infection [n (%)] | ||||
GI tract | 360 (17.6) | 184 (15.6) | 176 (20.3) | 0.006* |
Hepatobiliary or pancreas | 239 (11.7) | 137 (11.6) | 102 (11.7) | 0.929 |
Respiratory | 53 (2.6) | 31 (2.6) | 22 (2.5) | 0.893 |
Soft tissue/bone/joint | 123 (6.0) | 75 (6.4) | 48 (5.5) | 0.433 |
Urinary | 1241 (60.6) | 684 (58.0) | 557 (64.1) | 0.005* |
Mixed | 105 (5.1) | 65 (5.5) | 40 (4.6) | 0.358 |
Unknown | 386 (18.8) | 221 (18.7) | 165 (19.0) | 0.882 |
Laboratory data | ||||
White blood cell count (103/μL) | 13.2 ± 16.7 | 13.8 ± 18.6 | 12.4 ± 13.7 | 0.047* |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 14.42 ± 12.68 | 15.21 ± 13.51 | 13.35 ± 11.37 | < 0.001* |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 4.37 ± 3.31 | 4.22 ± 3.21 | 4.58 ± 3.42 | 0.017* |
Lactate clearance (%) | 10.0 ± 58.8 | 9.6 ± 62.3 | 10.7 ± 54.1 | 0.743 |
Duration of lactate measurement (H) | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.010* |
Volume of patients | ||||
Patients/doctor ratio | 1.19 ± 0.44 | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 1.10 ± 0.54 | < 0.001* |
Patients/nurse ratio | 0.86 ± 0.32 | 0.95 ± 0.28 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | < 0.001* |
Number of patients per hour (n) | 60,838 ± 21,159 | 74,929 ± 6495 | 50,773 ± 22,384 | 0.002* |
Ratio of patients per hour (%) | 4.67 ± 1.26 | 5.24 ± 0.59 | 3.89 ± 1.49 | < 0.001* |
Clinical outcomes [n (%)] | ||||
28-day mortality | 421 (21.71) | 240 (21.33) | 181 (22.24) | 0.634 |
In-hospital mortality | 444 (21.67) | 252 (21.36) | 192 (22.09) | 0.688 |
ICU admission | 758 (36.99) | 436 (36.95) | 322 (37.05) | 0.961 |
Adherence to SSC bundle [n (%)] | ||||
Full SSC bundle | 630 (30.75) | 330 (27.97) | 300 (34.52) | 0.002* |
Antibiotic administration | 1356 (66.31) | 751 (63.64) | 605 (69.94) | 0.003* |
Lactate measurement | 1755 (86.67) | 1000 (85.91) | 755 (87.69) | 0.245 |
Blood culture drawn | 1370 (67.22) | 781 (66.47) | 589 (68.25) | 0.397 |
Fluid administration | 1482 (72.33) | 837 (70.93) | 645 (74.22) | 0.099 |
Administration of vasopressors | 967 (53.63) | 551 (53.03) | 416 (54.45) | 0.551 |